Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup on Appetite, Food Intake, and Weight Gain

Abstract

Fructose has become a staple of modern nutrition. Natural sources of fructose include sucrose, honey, and fruits. In addition, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is an inexpensive industrial sweetener obtained by enzymatically converting corn starch into glucose and then fructose. HFCS is widely used as a sweetener in processed foods such as carbonated drinks, cakes, biscuits, and ice cream. Excessive consumption of HFCS-containing beverages is thought to play a role in the increasing prevalence of obesity. The digestion, absorption, and metabolism of fructose differ from that of glucose. Excessive fructose consumption can lead to insulin and leptin resistance. Insulin and leptin, key signals in regulating food intake and body weight, suggest that fructose can cause increased energy intake and weight gain. Furthermore, continuous consumption of HFCS-enriched foods stimulates dopamine synthesis, providing a feeling of pleasure, which can lead to addictive behavior and overeating. It is stated that HFCS does not induce a feeling of satiety, can be addictive, and high consumption increases the risk of both obesity and fatty liver disease. However, fructose does not cause immediate changes in appetite, energy intake, and body weight; it is emphasized that long-term and continuous fructose intake may have negative effects on health. Although the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) classifies fructose use as safe within certain limits, its effects on health remain a topic of debate. This review article discusses the metabolism of fructose and, in particular, the effects of HFCS consumption on appetite, food intake, and energy balance.