‘Clients don't come to me, I have to find them’: Exploring the mobility routes of Moroccan sex-workers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v22i1.178Keywords:
Sex workers, morroccon women, gradual mobility, transnational mobility.Abstract
Global mobility patterns of sex workers have begun to change. However, information about what their spatial mobility is affected by and how the direction of these mobility is determined is limited. Based on this, in this study, a modeling of the gradual mobility of sex workers is made on the example of Moroccan women. Within the scope of the study, face-to-face and online interviews were conducted with women. As a result of the study, it has been observed that Moroccan sex workers being mobile periodically and often perform the mobility gradually. Accordingly, at the first stage, women experience internal migration and moved from less developed cities to more developed ones within Morocco. However, the density of both Moroccan and sub-Saharan African sex workers in developed cities led them to search for new places. In this process, called the second stage, some women turned to the tourist cities of Morocco, where they believed they could find a link to get out of the country. Others went directly to some countries for expedition of discovery where their friends or relatives live. In the third stage, women who have sufficient capital for mobility have started to go Turkey, the Gulf countries and European countries, periodically. Thus, a mobility pattern that covers more than one city and country has emerged.
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Ndjio, B. (2009). ‘Shanghai Beauties’ and African Desires: Migration, Trade and Chinese Prostitution in Cameroon. European Journal of Development Research, 21, 606-621.
Obermeyer, C. M. (2000). Sexuality in Morocco: Changing Context and Contested Domain. Culture, Health and Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care, 2 (3): 239-254.
Plambech, S. (2017). Sex, Deportation and Rescue: Economies of Migration among Nigerian Sex Workers. Feminist Economics, 23 (3): 134-159.
Rassam, A. (1980). Women and Domestic Power in Morocco. International Journal of Middle East Studies 12: 171-179.
Rios, A. (2014). Female Migration and Health in Different Prostitution Scenarios in the Province of Almeria, Spain. 6th International Conference on Intercultural Education, Education and Health: From a Transcultural Perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132: 582-588.
Ritter, C. S. (2017). The Moroccan Diaspora in Istanbul: Experiencing Togetherness Through Participatory Media. Cultural Analysis, 16 (1): 49-66.
Roby, J. (2005). Women and children in the Global Sex Trade: Toward more Effective Policy. International Social Work, 48 (2): 136-147.
Spanger, M. (2013). Doing Love in the Borderland of Transnational Sex Work: Female Thai Migrants in Denmark. Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 21 (2): 92-107.
Üstübici, A. (2016). Political Activism Between Journey and Settlement: Irregular Migrant Mobilisation in Morocco. Geopolitics, 21 (2): 303-324.
Westermarck, E. (1914). Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Londra: Macmillan
Yokota, F. (2006). Sex Behaviour of Male Japanese Tourists in Bangkok, Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(2): 115-131.
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Zobnina, A. (2017). Women, Migration and Prostitution in Europe: Not a Sex Work Story. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 2 (1): 1-6.
Benabdennebi, W. ve Rahmi, A. (2012). Moroccan Women Migrants in the Arabian Gulf Countries: Eternal Rivals?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293082106_Moroccan_women_migrants_in_the_Arabian_Gulf_countries_Eternal_rivals/stats (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Benabdeljalil, K. (1984). Internal migration in Morocco: Examination of Structural Determinants. Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI8417262.
https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8417262 (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Berriane, M., Aderghal, M., Janati, M. I. ve Berriane, J. (2011). New Mobilities around Morocco: A Case Study of the City of Fes: Final Report for the Macarthur-Funded Project on: African Perspectives on Human Mobility. https://www.imi-n.org/files/completed-projects/morocco_2011-report.pdf/@@download (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Bilgili, Ö. ve Weyel, S. (2009). Migration in Morocco: History, Current Trends and Future Prospects. Paper Series: Migration and Development Country Profiles. Maastricht: Maastricht Graduate School of Governance.
Bourkharouaa, N-E., Berrada, M., Chaibi, A., Dinia, S., el Ftouh, A., el Maliki, A., Farah, K., Bennani, İ., Elyoussoufi, O. and Oursirhi, Y. (2014). The Moroccan Diaspora and Its Contribution to the Development of Innovation in Morocco. The Global Innovation Index 2014: The Human Factor in Innovation içinde, Dutta, S., Lanvin, B. ve Wunsch-Vincent, S. (ed.) Cenevre: Cornell University, INSEAD ve WIPO, 123-131.
Brennan, D. (2001). German Sex Tourists Imagine One Another. Identities 7(4): 621-663.
Brennan, D. (2003). Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International Migration. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy içinde. Ehrenreich, B. ve Hochschild, A. R. (ed.) Londra: Granta Books, 154-168.
Busza, J. (2004). Sex Work and Migration: The Dangers of Oversimplification: A Case Study of Vietnamese Women in Cambodia. Health and Human Rights, 7 (2): 231-249
Cabezas, A. L. (2006). The Eroticization of labor in Cuba’s All-Inclusive Resorts: Performing Race, Class and Gender in the New Tourist Economy. Social Identities, 12 (5): 507-521.
Castle, T. ve Lee, J. (2008). Ordering Sex in Cyberspace: A Content Analysis of Escort Websites. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 11: 107-121.
Chin, C. B. N. (2013). Cosmopolitan Sex Workers: Women and Migration in a Global City. New York: Oxford University Press.
Collyer, M. (2007). In‐Between Places: Trans‐Saharan Transit Migrants in Morocco and the Fragmented Journey to Europe. Antipode, 39 (4): 668-690.
Coomaraswamy, R. (1997). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Geneva: United Nations.
Coşkun, E. (2016). Türkiye'nin Göç Rejiminde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Faktörü: Ugandalı Göçmen Kadınlar Örneği. Fe Dergi 8 (1): 91-104.
Coşkun, E. (2018). Criminalisation and Prostitution of Migrant Women in Turkey: A Case Study of Ugandan Women. Women's Studies International Forum. 68: 85-93.
de Haas, H. (2009). International Migration and Regional Development in Morocco: A Critical Review of the Literatüre. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 35 (10): 1571-1593.
Doezema, J. (1998). Forced to Choose: Beyond the Voluntary v. Forces Prostitution Di- Chotomy. Global Sex Workers. Rights, Resistance and Revolution içinde, Kempadoo, K. ve Doezema, J. (ed.), New York, Londra: Routledge, 34-51.
Dwyer, D. (1978). Images and Self-Images: Male and Female in Morocco. New York: Columbia University Press.
El Ghazouani, D. (2019). A Growing Destination for Sub-Saharan Africans, Morocco Wrestles with Immigrant Integration. Migration Policy Institute Papers. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/growing-destination-sub-saharan-africans-morocco?fbclid=IwAR3J6ZjzL_JnwTNhKOnikqJ3MgQlLe-OiO5FTuEVj0WLQa7Z8t0FhrZ_SaY (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Erez, E., Ibarra, P. R. ve McDonald, W. F. (2004). Transnational Sex Trafficking: Issues and Prospects. International Review of Victimology. 11: l-9.
Fabian, G., Hüse, L., Szoboszkai, K., Lawson, T., ve Toldi, A. (2019) Hungarian Female Migrant Sex Workers: Social Support and Vulnerability at Home and Abroad. International Social Work, 62 (2): 699-711.
Goldenberg SM, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, Dobrer S, Montaner J and Shannon K (2014) Complexities of Short-Term Mobility for Sex Work and Migration among Sex Workers: Violence and Sexual Risks, Barriers to Care, and Enhanced Social and Economic Opportunities. Urban Health, 91 (4): 736-751.
Gülçür, L. ve İlkkaracan, P. (2002). The ‘Natasha’ Experience: Migrant Sex Workers from the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in Turkey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 25 (4): 411-421.
Jeffreys, S. (1997). The Idea of Prostitution. Melbourne: Spinifex Press.
Jeffreys, E. (2003). Transnational Prostitution-A Global Feminist Response? Australian Feminist Studies, 18 (41): 211-216.
Kempadoo, K. (1998). Introduction: Globalizing Sex Workers’ Rights. Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition içinde. Kempadoo, K. ve Doezema, J. (ed.), Londra: Routledge, 1-28.
Keygnaert, I., Dialmy, A., Manço, A,, Keygnaert, J., Vettenburg, N., Roelens, K., ve Temmerman, M. (2014). Sexual Violence and Sub-Saharan Migrants in Morocco: A Community-Based Participatory Assessment Using Respondent Driven Sampling. Globalization and Health, 10 (32): 1-16.
Khachani, M. (2010). Maroc-Migration, Marché du Travail et Développement. Organisation Internationale du Travail. Genève, Suisse.
Lahlou, M. (2008). Undocumented Migration Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends across Europe. Country Report Prepared for the Research Project CLANDESTINO.
Malik, N. (2010). https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/29/saudi-arabia-ban-moroccan-women-stereotype (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Manderson, L. (1997). Migration, Prostitution and Medical Surveillance in Early Twentieth-Century Malaya. Migrants, Minorities and Health: Historical and Contemporary Studies içinde, Marks, L. ve Worboys, M. (ed), Londra: Routledge, 49-69.
McDonald, L., Moore, B., ve Timoshkina, N. (2000). Migrant Sex Workers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: The Canadian case. Centre for Applied Social Research University of Toronto, Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data, ISBN 0-662-65335-1.
Ndjio, B. (2009). ‘Shanghai Beauties’ and African Desires: Migration, Trade and Chinese Prostitution in Cameroon. European Journal of Development Research, 21, 606-621.
Obermeyer, C. M. (2000). Sexuality in Morocco: Changing Context and Contested Domain. Culture, Health and Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care, 2 (3): 239-254.
Plambech, S. (2017). Sex, Deportation and Rescue: Economies of Migration among Nigerian Sex Workers. Feminist Economics, 23 (3): 134-159.
Rassam, A. (1980). Women and Domestic Power in Morocco. International Journal of Middle East Studies 12: 171-179.
Rios, A. (2014). Female Migration and Health in Different Prostitution Scenarios in the Province of Almeria, Spain. 6th International Conference on Intercultural Education, Education and Health: From a Transcultural Perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132: 582-588.
Ritter, C. S. (2017). The Moroccan Diaspora in Istanbul: Experiencing Togetherness Through Participatory Media. Cultural Analysis, 16 (1): 49-66.
Roby, J. (2005). Women and children in the Global Sex Trade: Toward more Effective Policy. International Social Work, 48 (2): 136-147.
Spanger, M. (2013). Doing Love in the Borderland of Transnational Sex Work: Female Thai Migrants in Denmark. Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 21 (2): 92-107.
Üstübici, A. (2016). Political Activism Between Journey and Settlement: Irregular Migrant Mobilisation in Morocco. Geopolitics, 21 (2): 303-324.
Westermarck, E. (1914). Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Londra: Macmillan
Yokota, F. (2006). Sex Behaviour of Male Japanese Tourists in Bangkok, Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(2): 115-131.
Youssef, K. (2013). Morocco World News: ‘Sexual Tourism in Morocco’. http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/01/74751/sexual-tourism-in-morocco/ (Son erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2019).
Zobnina, A. (2017). Women, Migration and Prostitution in Europe: Not a Sex Work Story. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 2 (1): 1-6.
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Published
2021-07-14
How to Cite
Deniz, A. (2021). ‘Clients don’t come to me, I have to find them’: Exploring the mobility routes of Moroccan sex-workers. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 22(1), 107–132. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v22i1.178
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