Mother Blaming in Academic Articles about Incest in Turkey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i2.279Keywords:
incest, patriarchal institution of motherhood, mother blaming, discourse, feminist discourse analysisAbstract
Incest is sexual abuse of a child physically, verbally or visually by his/her mother, father, by a family member or a relative. According to the studies conducted on incest, the abusers are mainly male members of the family; nevertheless, it is a general tendency to blame mothers for the incest. There are also academic studies that blame mothers for the incest occurred in the family. The analysis of studies done in western countries which blame mothers for incest shows that mothers are accused of having a role in incest, or blamed for their personality, their failure of motherhood roles and, for their reaction to incest after the incest is revealed. Mother blaming is part of the patriarchal institution of motherhood’s ideology and practices. For this reason, in this article, having applied the feminist discourse analysis as a tool for revealing the unequal power relations, twenty-four academic articles about incest are analysed. The articles were published between the years 2001 and 2017 and accessed from EBSCO and Google Scholar databases. In Turkey, apart from two articles critical of the mother blaming, mothers are not the primary focus of the academic articles about incest. Some of the articles have the discourse of the mother blaming, however, mother blaming is included within the text generally by intertextuality, in other words, by the quotations from other studies which blame mothers in incest cases. The discourses of those articles are intertwined with the ideology and practices of the legal experts, physicians, academics and some other experts. Thus, the discourses of the articles are able to strengthen and reproduce the ideology and practices of patriarchal institution of motherhood or, on the contrary, are able to defend the opposition to mother blaming.
References
Berber G. & Korkut S. (2009). Father Incest Against a 4,5 Month Old Baby: Case Report. Adli Tıp Dergisi, 23(3):28-32.
Biçer Ü., Çolak B., Çoşkun A., Demirbaş İ., Kurtaş Ö. & Gündoğmuş Ü.N. (2002). Çocuk istismarı Bir Yazgı Mı? Olgu Sunumu. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 7(3): 109-114.
Candib L.M. (1999). Incest and Other Harms to daughters Across Cultures: Maternal Complicity and Patriarchal Power. Women’s International Studies Forum, 22(2):185-201.
Caplan P. (2000). The New Don’t Blame Mother Mending the Mother–Daughter Relationship. New York&London: Routledge.
Chodorow N. (1974). Family Structure and Feminine Personality. İçinde, Rosaldo Z.M & Lamphere L.S. (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 43-66.
Chodorow N. (1979). Mothering, Male Dominance, and Capitalism. İçinde, Eisentein Z.R. (Ed.), Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism. New York&London: Monthly Review Press: 83-106.
Coulter M. (2010). Institution of Motherhood. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Motherhood 1-3. Los Angeles&London: Sage Publications: 571-572.
Çavlin-Bozbeyoğlu A. (Haz.) (2009).Türkiye’de Ensest Sorununu Anlamak. Ankara: Damla Yayıncılık.
Çavlin-Bozbeyoğlu A., Koyuncu, E., Kardam F. & Sungur A. (2010). Ailenin Karanlık Yüzü: Türkiye’de Ensest. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1):1-37.
Devrimci-Özgüven H., Soykan Ç. & Yazar H. (2003). Bir Yasak-Sevi Olgusuna Yaklaşım ve Karşılaşılan Güçlükler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14(4): 311-318.
Ehrmin T.J. (1996). No More Mother Blaming: A Feminist Nursing Perspective on The Mother’s Role Father-Daughter Incest. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4): 252-260.
Fairclough N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis A Critical Study of Language. New York: Longman Publishing.
Firestone S. (1993). Cinselliğin Diyalektiği (Çev: Salman Y.). İstanbul: Payel Yay.
Fox-Keller E. (2007). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Bilim Üzerine Düşünceler (Çev: Aydar F.B.). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
Foucault M. (2002). Archeology of Knowledge (Çev: Smith S.). London & New York: Routledge.
Genç Ş. & Coşkun S. (2013). Ensest. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, (106): 215-260.
Green J. (1996). Mothers in “Incest Families” A Critique of Blame and Its Destructive Sequels. Violence Against Women, 3(2): 322-348.
Green J.F. (2010). Intensive Mothering. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Motherhood 1-3. Los Angeles & London: Sage Publications: 573-574.
Gündüz T., Karbeyaz K. & Ayrancı Ü. (2009). Torture Continuing up to Pregnancy: An Incest Case Sexual Abuse by Father. Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 9(1): 29-34.
Hays S. (1996). The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. NewHaven & London: Yale University Press.
Liebman J.J. (1990). The Ideology of Mothering: Disruption and Reproduction of Patriarchy. Signs, 15(3):500-514.
Jackson D. & Mannex J. (2004). Giving Voice to the Burden of Blame: A Feminist Study of Mothers’ Experiences of Mother Blaming. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10: 150-158.
Jeremiah E. (2006). Motherhood to Mothering and Beyond Maternity in Recent Feminist Thought. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering, 8(1-2):21-33.
Kardam F. & Bademci E. (2013). Mothers in Cases of Incest in Turkey: Views and Experiences of Professionals. J ournal of Family Violence, 28:253–263.
Kantarcı M.N., Kandemir E., Berber G., Özcan M.E. & Şahin E. (2013). Anti-Epileptic Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Case of Incest. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 23(3):254-6.
Küpeli A., Demirer M., Kalaycı I., Gönen Ö. & Gürpınar S.S. (2014). Is the Victim Daughter or Granddaughter of the Perpetrator? (Incest Case Report). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131:373–376.
Lazar M.M. (2007). Politicizing Gender in Discourse: Feminist critical Discourse Analysis as Political Perspective and Praxis. İçinde, Lazar M.M. (Ed.), Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis Gender, Power and Ideology in Discourse. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 1-30.
McCullough K. (2004). Of Woman (But Not Man or the Nuclear Family) Born Motherhood Outside Institutional Heterosexuality. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), From Motherhood to Mothering: The Legacy of Adrienne Rich’s of Women Born. Albany: State University of New York Press: 103-124.
McIntrye K. (1981). Role of Mothers in Father-Daughter Incest: A Feminist Analysis. Social Work 1981:462-466.
Millet K. (2011). Cinsel Politika (Çev: Selvi S.). İstanbul: Payel Yay.
Ortner B.S. (1974). Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture. İçinde, Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. & Lamphere L.S (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 67-87.
O’Reilly A. (Ed.) (2008). Introduction. Feminist Mothering. Albana: State University of New York Press: 1-24.
O’Reilly A. (Ed.) (2004). From Motherhood to Mothering. İçinde, The Legacy of Adrienne Rich’s of Women Born. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Özdemir B., Celbiş O., İris M. & Üzün İ. (2012). Doğumla Sonuçlanan Baba Kız Ensest: Olgu Sunumu. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1):30-2.
Rich A. (1986). Of Woman Born Motherhood as Experience and Institution. New York&London: W.W. Norton&Company.
Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. (1974). Theoretical Overview. İçinde, Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. & Lamphere L.S (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 17-42.
Ruddick S. (1995). Maternal Thinking toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press.
Şahin F. & Taşar M.A. (2012). Sexual Abuse and Incest. Turkish Archive of Pediatrics, 47:157-162.
Saygılı S. & Gönenli S. (2008). Aynı Ailede Görülen Çoklu Ensest. Düşünen Adam, 21(1-4):32-37.
Scott W.J. (1988). Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or the Use of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism. Feminist Studies, 14(1): 32-50.
Sen C. & Daniluk J. (1995). Themes in the Relationship of Mothers and Their Incestuously Abused Daughters: A Feminist Analysis. Feminism & Psychology, 5(1): 47-60.
Short P. (2005). Conclusion: Reflections on Motherhood. Porter M., Short P. & O’Reilly A. (Eds.), Motherhood: Power and Oppression. Toronto: Woman’s Press: 285-294.
Strand C.V. (2000). Treating Secondary Victims Intervention with Nonoffending Mother in the Incest Family. Thousand Oaks & London&Delhi: Sage Publication.
Taşğın S. & Sarı İ. (2014). Aile İçi Ensestin Nitel Analizi: Şanlıurfa Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(35): 486-500.
Tamraz N.D. (1996). Nonoffending Mothers of Sexually Abused Children: Comparion of Opinions and Research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5(4): 75-104.
Ünüvar Atılmış Ü., Gündüz T., Karbeyaz K., Balcı Y. & Oral R. (2008). Ensest Şüphesi İçeren Bir Olguda Tanı Güçlüğü: Türkiye Klinikleri. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 5(3): 124-132.
Wodak R. (1997). Introduction Some Important Issues in the Research of Gender and Discourse. İçinde, Wodak R. (Ed.), Gender and Discourse. London& Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications:1-20.
Womack M.E., Miller G. & Lassiter P. (1999). Helping Mothers in Incestuous Families: An Emphatic Approach. Women & Therapy, 22(4):17-34.
Van Dijk T. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis. İçinde, Tannen D., Hamilton H.& Schiffrin D. (Eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis (2. baskı). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell: 466-485.
Yiğit, R. (2005). Çocukların Cinsel İstismarı ve Ensest. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3):90-100.
Yüksel B. (2008). What Should the Management of Incest Pregnancies Be? An Ethical View Presented Via Three Cases. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 17(3): 52-54.
Biçer Ü., Çolak B., Çoşkun A., Demirbaş İ., Kurtaş Ö. & Gündoğmuş Ü.N. (2002). Çocuk istismarı Bir Yazgı Mı? Olgu Sunumu. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 7(3): 109-114.
Candib L.M. (1999). Incest and Other Harms to daughters Across Cultures: Maternal Complicity and Patriarchal Power. Women’s International Studies Forum, 22(2):185-201.
Caplan P. (2000). The New Don’t Blame Mother Mending the Mother–Daughter Relationship. New York&London: Routledge.
Chodorow N. (1974). Family Structure and Feminine Personality. İçinde, Rosaldo Z.M & Lamphere L.S. (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 43-66.
Chodorow N. (1979). Mothering, Male Dominance, and Capitalism. İçinde, Eisentein Z.R. (Ed.), Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism. New York&London: Monthly Review Press: 83-106.
Coulter M. (2010). Institution of Motherhood. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Motherhood 1-3. Los Angeles&London: Sage Publications: 571-572.
Çavlin-Bozbeyoğlu A. (Haz.) (2009).Türkiye’de Ensest Sorununu Anlamak. Ankara: Damla Yayıncılık.
Çavlin-Bozbeyoğlu A., Koyuncu, E., Kardam F. & Sungur A. (2010). Ailenin Karanlık Yüzü: Türkiye’de Ensest. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1):1-37.
Devrimci-Özgüven H., Soykan Ç. & Yazar H. (2003). Bir Yasak-Sevi Olgusuna Yaklaşım ve Karşılaşılan Güçlükler. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14(4): 311-318.
Ehrmin T.J. (1996). No More Mother Blaming: A Feminist Nursing Perspective on The Mother’s Role Father-Daughter Incest. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4): 252-260.
Fairclough N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis A Critical Study of Language. New York: Longman Publishing.
Firestone S. (1993). Cinselliğin Diyalektiği (Çev: Salman Y.). İstanbul: Payel Yay.
Fox-Keller E. (2007). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Bilim Üzerine Düşünceler (Çev: Aydar F.B.). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
Foucault M. (2002). Archeology of Knowledge (Çev: Smith S.). London & New York: Routledge.
Genç Ş. & Coşkun S. (2013). Ensest. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, (106): 215-260.
Green J. (1996). Mothers in “Incest Families” A Critique of Blame and Its Destructive Sequels. Violence Against Women, 3(2): 322-348.
Green J.F. (2010). Intensive Mothering. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Motherhood 1-3. Los Angeles & London: Sage Publications: 573-574.
Gündüz T., Karbeyaz K. & Ayrancı Ü. (2009). Torture Continuing up to Pregnancy: An Incest Case Sexual Abuse by Father. Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 9(1): 29-34.
Hays S. (1996). The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. NewHaven & London: Yale University Press.
Liebman J.J. (1990). The Ideology of Mothering: Disruption and Reproduction of Patriarchy. Signs, 15(3):500-514.
Jackson D. & Mannex J. (2004). Giving Voice to the Burden of Blame: A Feminist Study of Mothers’ Experiences of Mother Blaming. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10: 150-158.
Jeremiah E. (2006). Motherhood to Mothering and Beyond Maternity in Recent Feminist Thought. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering, 8(1-2):21-33.
Kardam F. & Bademci E. (2013). Mothers in Cases of Incest in Turkey: Views and Experiences of Professionals. J ournal of Family Violence, 28:253–263.
Kantarcı M.N., Kandemir E., Berber G., Özcan M.E. & Şahin E. (2013). Anti-Epileptic Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Case of Incest. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 23(3):254-6.
Küpeli A., Demirer M., Kalaycı I., Gönen Ö. & Gürpınar S.S. (2014). Is the Victim Daughter or Granddaughter of the Perpetrator? (Incest Case Report). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131:373–376.
Lazar M.M. (2007). Politicizing Gender in Discourse: Feminist critical Discourse Analysis as Political Perspective and Praxis. İçinde, Lazar M.M. (Ed.), Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis Gender, Power and Ideology in Discourse. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 1-30.
McCullough K. (2004). Of Woman (But Not Man or the Nuclear Family) Born Motherhood Outside Institutional Heterosexuality. İçinde, O’Reilly A. (Ed.), From Motherhood to Mothering: The Legacy of Adrienne Rich’s of Women Born. Albany: State University of New York Press: 103-124.
McIntrye K. (1981). Role of Mothers in Father-Daughter Incest: A Feminist Analysis. Social Work 1981:462-466.
Millet K. (2011). Cinsel Politika (Çev: Selvi S.). İstanbul: Payel Yay.
Ortner B.S. (1974). Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture. İçinde, Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. & Lamphere L.S (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 67-87.
O’Reilly A. (Ed.) (2008). Introduction. Feminist Mothering. Albana: State University of New York Press: 1-24.
O’Reilly A. (Ed.) (2004). From Motherhood to Mothering. İçinde, The Legacy of Adrienne Rich’s of Women Born. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Özdemir B., Celbiş O., İris M. & Üzün İ. (2012). Doğumla Sonuçlanan Baba Kız Ensest: Olgu Sunumu. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1):30-2.
Rich A. (1986). Of Woman Born Motherhood as Experience and Institution. New York&London: W.W. Norton&Company.
Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. (1974). Theoretical Overview. İçinde, Rosaldo-Zimbalist M. & Lamphere L.S (Eds.), Woman, Culture and Society. California: Stanford University Press: 17-42.
Ruddick S. (1995). Maternal Thinking toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press.
Şahin F. & Taşar M.A. (2012). Sexual Abuse and Incest. Turkish Archive of Pediatrics, 47:157-162.
Saygılı S. & Gönenli S. (2008). Aynı Ailede Görülen Çoklu Ensest. Düşünen Adam, 21(1-4):32-37.
Scott W.J. (1988). Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or the Use of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism. Feminist Studies, 14(1): 32-50.
Sen C. & Daniluk J. (1995). Themes in the Relationship of Mothers and Their Incestuously Abused Daughters: A Feminist Analysis. Feminism & Psychology, 5(1): 47-60.
Short P. (2005). Conclusion: Reflections on Motherhood. Porter M., Short P. & O’Reilly A. (Eds.), Motherhood: Power and Oppression. Toronto: Woman’s Press: 285-294.
Strand C.V. (2000). Treating Secondary Victims Intervention with Nonoffending Mother in the Incest Family. Thousand Oaks & London&Delhi: Sage Publication.
Taşğın S. & Sarı İ. (2014). Aile İçi Ensestin Nitel Analizi: Şanlıurfa Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(35): 486-500.
Tamraz N.D. (1996). Nonoffending Mothers of Sexually Abused Children: Comparion of Opinions and Research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5(4): 75-104.
Ünüvar Atılmış Ü., Gündüz T., Karbeyaz K., Balcı Y. & Oral R. (2008). Ensest Şüphesi İçeren Bir Olguda Tanı Güçlüğü: Türkiye Klinikleri. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 5(3): 124-132.
Wodak R. (1997). Introduction Some Important Issues in the Research of Gender and Discourse. İçinde, Wodak R. (Ed.), Gender and Discourse. London& Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications:1-20.
Womack M.E., Miller G. & Lassiter P. (1999). Helping Mothers in Incestuous Families: An Emphatic Approach. Women & Therapy, 22(4):17-34.
Van Dijk T. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis. İçinde, Tannen D., Hamilton H.& Schiffrin D. (Eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis (2. baskı). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell: 466-485.
Yiğit, R. (2005). Çocukların Cinsel İstismarı ve Ensest. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3):90-100.
Yüksel B. (2008). What Should the Management of Incest Pregnancies Be? An Ethical View Presented Via Three Cases. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 17(3): 52-54.
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Published
2017-10-10
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Salman-Yıkmış, M. (2017). Mother Blaming in Academic Articles about Incest in Turkey. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 19(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i2.279
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