Determinants of Global Peace and Gender Equality as an Invisible Hand: A Cross Country Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i2.80Keywords:
global peace, gender inequality, cohesionAbstract
This study uses a cross sectional data for 115 countries in order to examine the relationship between global peace and gender equality, by using Global Peace Index (GPI) as a dependent variable, and Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as independent variables. We test whether the gender equality is related to peace and whether the impacts differ when other determinants of peace have taken into consideration. The results suggest that level of gender equality and cohesion are the most robust and significant variables affecting level of peace in a positive way among other control variables. Two indexes have been used as a measure of gender equality in order to check the robustness of the results and the same results and conclusions were obtained from the regressions. Interestingly, the study also finds that income level of the country, as a control variable, is insignificant in all regressions.
References
Akresh R. & Walque D. (2010). Armed Conflict and Schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. IZA DP.
Bell C. & O’Rourke C. (2010). Peace Agreements or Pieces of Paper? The Impact of UNSC Resolution 1325 on Peace Processes and Their Agreements. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 59(4): 941-980.
Bussmann M. (2007). Gender Equality, Good Governance, and Peace. Conference paper, SGIR, Turin (Italy), September 12-15, 2007. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/64ba/d9272f02e2689e0e7b0c1bac620b3a431c85.pdf.
Caprioli M. (2003). Gender Equality and State Aggression: The Impact of Domestic Gender Equality on State First Use of Force. International Interactions, 29(3): 195-214.
Caprioli M. (2005). Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2): 161-178.
Collier P. & Hoeffler A. (2000). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4): 563-595.
Elbadawi I. & Sambanis N. (2001). How Much War Will We See? Estimating Incidence of Civil War in 161 Countries. World Bank, Policy Research WP 2533.
Gerardino M.P. (2014). The Effect of Violence on the Educational Gender Gap. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Working Paper.
Hausman J. & Kuersteiner G. (2008). Difference in Difference Meets Generalized Least Squares: Higher Order Properties of Hypotheses Tests. Journal of Econometrics, 144(2): 371-391.
Institute for Economics and Peace. (2013). Pillars of Peace: Understanding the Key Attitudes and Institutions that Underpin Peaceful Societies. URL: http://www.visionofhumanity.org.
Institute for Economics and Peace (2014). Global Peace Index: Measuring Peace and Assessing Country Risk. URL: http://economicsandpeace.org.
Institute for Economics and Peace (2014). Global Terrorism Index 2014: Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism. URL: http://www.visionofhumanity.org.
International Institute of Social Studies (Data Access). Indices of Social Development. URL: http://www.indsocdev.org/data-access.html.
International Peace Institute (2015). Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes. URL: https://www.ipinst.org.
Inter-Parliamentary Union and UN Security Council (2015). Report of the Secretary-General on Women, Peace and Security. UN Documents for Women, Peace and Security, S/2015/716.
Jennings K. (2011). Women’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Agents of Change or Stranded Symbols? NOREF Research Report.
Krishnan V. (2010): Constructing an Area-Based Socioeconomic Index: A Principal Components Analysis Approach. Working Paer on Early Child Development Mapping Project (ECMap), Community-University Partnership (CUP). University of Alberta.
O’Hare W.P. & Gutierrez F. (2012). The Use of Domains in Constructing a Comprehensive Composite Index of Child Well-Being. Child Indicators Research, 5: 609-629. DOI: 10.1007/s12187-012-9138-6.
Singh P. & Shemyakina O.N (2016). Gender–Differential Effects of Terrorism on Education: The Case of the 1981-1993 Punjab Insurgency. Economics of Education Review, 54: 185-204.
Kecmanovic M. (2013). The Short-Run Effects of the Croatian War on Education, Employment, and Earnings. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(4): 991-1010.
Mattocks M.K., Haskell S.G., Krebs E.E., Justice A.C., Yano E.M. & Brandt C. (2012). Women at War: Understanding How Women Veterans Cope With Combat and Military Sexual Trauma. Social Science & Medicine, 74: 537-545.
Melander E. (2005). Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 49: 695-714.
Nakaya S. (2003). Women and Eender Equality in Peace Process: From Women at the Negotiating Table to Postwar Structural Reforms in Guatemala and Somalia. Global Governance, 9: 459-476.
Nafziger EW & Auvinen J. (2000). The Economic Causes of Humanitarian Emergencies. In, Nafziger E.W., Stewart F. & Vayrynen R. (Eds.), War, Hunger and Displacement: The Origin of Humanitarian Emergencies. Oxford University Press: 91–145.
Olsson L. & Gizelis T.I. (2014). Advancing Gender and Peacekeeping Research. International Peacekeeping, 21(4): 520-528.
Porter E. (2003). Women, Political Decision-Making, and Peace-Building. Global Change, Peace & Security, 15: 245–62.
Pruitt L. (2014). The Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Australia and the Agency of Girls. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(3): 486-498.
Salman A. (2015). Green Houses for Terrorism: Measuring the Impact of Gender Equality Attitudes and Outcomes as Deterrents of Terrorism. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 39(4): 281-306.
Stewart F. (2010). Women in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. In, UN-ECOSOC, Achieving Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment and Strengthening Development Cooperation. New York: United Nations: 62-63.
Swee E.L. (2009). On War and Schooling Attainment: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, HiCN WP No. 57.
UN Women (2012). Gender, Conflict and Post-2015 Development Framework. Background Paper for November 2012 UN Women Expert Group Meeting.
UNIFEM (2008). Making the Millennium Development Goals Work for All: Gender- Responsive Rights-Based Approaches to the MDGs. New York: UN.
Valente C. (2014). Education and Conflict in Nepal. World Bank Economic Review, 28: 354-383.
Wade S. & Reiter D. (2007). Does Democracy Matter? Regime Type and Suicide Terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51: 329-348.
Weber A. (2006). Feminist Peace and Conflict Theory. Routledge Encyclopedia on Peace and Conflict Theory.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [6 months] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
