Examining the Relationships Between Perceived Discrimination, Relative Deprivation and Collective Action of Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v23i1.241Keywords:
Gender, perceived discrimination, relative deprivation, collective action, political viewAbstract
Worldwide, women are exposed to discrimination, violence and inequality of opportunity on the basis of gender roles and perceptions. The negative attitudes and behaviors that women are exposed to are related to their collective actions. In this context, the present study aimed to examine the relationships between women's perceptions of gender-based discrimination, relative deprivation and their collective actions within the framework of women's rights, and to examine the role of their political views in these relations. The sample of the present study consists of 328 volunteer woman participants from various parts of Turkey. The Scales of Relative Deprivation, Perceived Discrimination, Political View, Collective Action and Collective Action Intention were administered to the participants. Obtained results showed that women's perceptions of gender discrimination positively predicted their perceived relative deprivation, and their perceived relative deprivation positively predicted their intention to join a non-governmental organisation related to women rights; it was also found that political views play a moderator role in these relations.
References
Açık Radyo (2002). “Kamer’de gönüllülük ‘keyfiyet’ değil” başlıklı röportaj. https://acikradyo.com.tr/arsiv icerigi/kamerde-gonulluluk-keyfiyet-degil. (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2021).
Akyüz, M. (2016). Cinsiyet ayrımcılığının örgütsel sapma davranışları üzerindeki etkisinde öz-yeterliliğin aracılık rolü: Sağlık kurumlarında bir araştırma (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat.
Amodio, D. M., Jost, J. T., Master, S. L. ve Yee, C. M. (2007). Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (10), 1246–1247.
Avcı, S. (2013). Farklı mesleklerde çalışan kadınların yaşam doyumu, iş doyumu, tükenmişlik ve algılanan cinsiyet ayrımcılığı düzeylerinin depresyon ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Aydemir, S. (2019). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine duyarlı medya okuryazarlığı eğitiminin öğretmen adaylarının toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine ilişkin tutumlarına etkisi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Bahamondes, J., Sibley, C. G. ve Osborne, D. (2019). “We look (and feel) better through system-justifying lenses”: System-justifying beliefs attenuate the well-being gap between the advantaged and disadvantaged by reducing perceptions of discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1-18.
Bazargan, M. ve Galvan, F. (2012). Perceived discrimination and depression among low income Latina male-to female transgender women. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-8.
Bilali, R. , Godfrey, E. B. ve Freel, S. H. (2020). How an election loss leads to a social movement: Reactions to the 2016 U.S. presidential election among liberals predict later collective action and social movement identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59, 227–247.
Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwar, G. ve Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the “sedative” effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50 (4), 606–627.
Choma, B., Hafer, C., Crosby, F. ve Foster, M. (2012). Perceptions of personal sex discrimination: The role of belief in a just world and situational ambiguity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152 (5), 568–585.
Corcoran, K. E., Pettinicchio, D. ve Young, J. T. N. (2011). The context of control: A cross national investigation of the link between political institutions, efficacy, and collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 575–605.
Cornejo, J. M. (2007). An examination of the relationships among perceived gender discrimination, work motivation, and performance (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Orlando, University of Central Florida.
Dawson, D. N., Volpe, V. V. ve Laurent, H. K. (2019). Synergistic effects of psychological intimate partner violence exposure and gender discrimination on postnatal mental health trajectories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,1-26.
DeBlaere, C., Brewster, M. E., Bertsch, K. N., DeCarlo, A. L., Kegel, K. A. ve Presseau, C. D. (2014). The protective power of collective action for sexual minority women of color. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38 (1), 20–32.
Dezecache, G., von Zimmermann, J., Allen, J. M. ve Richardson, D. C. (2020). We predict a riot: inequality, relative deprivation and collective destruction in the lab. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ntrbj.
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2019). Respect women: Preventing violence aganist women. Cenova: World Health Organization.
Eliezer, D., Townsend, S. S. M., Sawyer, P. J., Major, B. ve Mendes, W. B. (2011). System justifying beliefs moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and resting blood pressure. Social Cognition, 29 (3), 303–321.
Esen, Y. (2013). Hizmet öncesi öğretmen eğitiminde toplumsal cinsiyet duyarlılığını geliştirme amaçlı bir çalışma. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38 (169), 280-295.
Farmer, A., Kidwell, B. ve Hardesty, D. (2020). The politics of choice: Political ideology and intolerance of ambiguity. Journal of Consumer Psychology, doi:10.1002/jcpy.1176.
Foley, S., Ngo, H., Loi, R. ve Zheng, X. (2015). Gender, gender identification and perceived gender discrimination. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 34(8), 650–665.
Foster, M. D. ve Matheson, K. (1995). Double relative deprivation: Combining the personal and political. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1167–1177.
Grant, P. R., Abrams, D., Robertson, D. W. ve Garay, J. (2014). Predicting protests by disadvantaged skilled immigrants: A test of an ıntegrated social ıdentity, relative deprivation, collective efficacy (SIRDE) model. Social Justice Research, 28 (1), 76-101.
Grossmann, M. ve Thaler, D. (2018). Mass–elite divides in aversion to social change and support for Donald Trump. American Politics Research, 46(5), 753–784.
Güldü, Ö. ve Dönmez, A. (2002). Aşırı uçlarda siyasi tutumlara sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin bazı psikolojik değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35 (1-2), 129-142.
Hayward, L. E., Tropp, L. R., Hornsey, M. J. ve Barlow, F. K. (2017). How negative contact and positive contact with Whites predict collective action among racial and ethnic minorities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57 (1), 1–20.
Hoffarth, M. R., Azevedo, F. ve Jost, J. T. (2019). Political conservatism and the exploitation of nonhuman animals: An application of system justification theory. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22 (6), 858–878.
Iyer, A. ve Ryan, M. K. (2009). Why do men and women challenge gender discrimination in the workplace? The role of group status and in-group identification in predicting pathways to collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65 (4), 791–814.
Jessani, Z. ve Harris, P. B. (2018). Personality, politics, and denial: Tolerance of ambiguity, political orientation and disbelief in climate change. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 121–123.
Jost, J. T. ve Kende, A. (2019). Setting the record straight: System justification and rigidity of‐the‐right in contemporary Hungarian politics. International Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 96-115.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W. ve Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (3), 339–375.
Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu (2018). Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu 2018 Yıllık Raporu, kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/veriler/2869/kadincinayetlerinidurduracagizplatformu2018veri-raporu, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu (2019). Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu 2019 Yıllık Raporu, kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/veriler/2889/kadincinayetlerini-durduracagizplatformu2019-raporu, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu (2020). Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu 2020 Yıllık Raporu, http://kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/veriler/2947/kadin-cinayetlerini-durduracagiz platformu-2020-raporu, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
Kafalı, B. (2020). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinde öğretmen eğitimi: Mor Sertifika Örneği (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Kapçı, N. (2016). Kürt anne ve kızların ayrımcılık algısı ve benlik saygısı: Psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle başa çıkma yollarının rolü (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Okan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Kıral, G. (2009). Türkiye’de yaşayan kadınların göreli yoksunluk ve adil dünya inancı ile siyasal katılım düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kim, E. ve Park, H. (2018). Perceived gender discrimination, belief in a just world, self esteem, and depression in Korean working women: A moderated mediation model. Women’s Studies International Forum, 69, 143–150.
Knight, C. R. ve Brinton, M. C. (2017). One egalitarianism or several? Two decades of gender-role attitude change in Europe. American Journal of Sociology, 122 (5), 1485-1532.
Koomen, W. ve Frankel, E. G. (1992). Effects of experienced discrimination and different forms of relative deprivation among Surinamese, a Dutch ethnic minority group. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2 (1), 63–71.
Kugler, M., Jost, J. T. ve Noorbaloochi, S. (2014). Another look at moral foundations theory: Do authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain liberal-conservative differences in “moral” intuitions? Social Justice Research, 27(4), 413–431.
Louis, W. R. (2009). Collective action-and then what? Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 727-748.
Major, B. ve Dover, T. L. (2016). Attributions to discrimination: Antecedents and consequences. T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination içinde (s. 213–239). Londra: Psychology Press.
Mangyo, E. ve Park, A. (2011). Relative deprivation and health: Which reference groups matter? Journal of Human Resources, 46 (3), 459–481.
McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E. ve Marquart-Pyatt, S. T. (2016). Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union. Environmental Politics, 25 (2), 338-358.
Mirisola, A., Sibley, C. G., Boca, S. ve Duckitt, J. (2007). On the ideological consistency between right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 43 (7), 1851–1862.
Mishra, S. ve Carleton, R. N. (2015). Subjective relative deprivation is associated with poor physical and mental health. Social Science and Medicine, 147, 144–149.
Newman, B. J. (2015). Breaking the glass ceiling: Local gender-based earnings inequality and women’s belief in the American dream. American Journal of Political Science, 60 (4), 1006–1025.
Osborne, D. ve Sibley, C. G. (2013). Through rose-colored glasses: System-justifying beliefs dampen the effects of relative deprivation on well-being and political mobilization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(8), 991–1004.
Ouma, E. ve Abdulai, A. (2009). Contributions of social capital theory in predicting collective action behavior among livestock keeping communities in Kenya. International Association of Agricultural Economists 2009 Konferansı.
Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde Türkiye’de kadın ve eğitim. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 14 (33), 93-112.
Özcan, A. (2012). Toplumsal cinsiyet eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumlarına etkisi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri.
Özkan, K. (2014). Kadınların kolektif eylem yöneliminin yordayıcıları: Kültürel benlik kurguları, kadın kimliği ile özdeşleşme, kadınların sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ve sistemi meşrulaştırma eğilimi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa.
Panno, A., Carrus, G., Brizi, A., Maricchiolo, F., Giacomantonio, M. ve Mannetti, L. (2018). Need for cognitive closure and political ideology. Social Psychology, 49(2), 103–112.
Parlaktuna, İ. (2010). Türkiye’de cinsiyete dayalı mesleki ayrımcılığın analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 10 (4), 1217-1230.
Pietilainen, M., Natti, J. ve Ojala, S. (2020). Perceived gender discrimination at work and subsequent long-term sickness absence among Finnish employed women. European Journal of Public Health, 1-18.
Schmuck, D., Matthes, J. ve Paul, F. H. (2017). Negative stereotypical portrayals of Muslims in right-wing populist campaigns: Perceived discrimination, social identity threats, and hostility among young Muslim adults. Journal of Communication, 67 (4), 610-634.
Setiawan, T., Scheepers, P. ve Sterkens, C. (2020). Applicability of the social identity model of collective action in predicting support for interreligious violence in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 278-292.
Spaaij, R. ve Vinas, C. (2013). Political ideology and activism in football fan culture in Spain: A view from the far left. Soccer and Society, 14 (2), 183-200.
Stronge, S., Sengupta, N. K., Barlow, F. K., Osborne, D., Haukamau, C. A. ve Sibley, C. H. (2016). Perceived discrimination predicts increased support for political rights and life satisfaction mediated by ethnic identity: a longitudinal analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 1-10.
Şener Özel, F. (2019). Eğitim fakültelerinin lisans programlarına yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet eğitimi dersi öğretim programının tasarlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Düzce Üniversitesi, Düzce.
Toizer, B. (2016). Perceived essentialism, group relative deprivation, and collective action (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Oberlin College, Ohio.
Triana, M. del C., Jayasinghe, M., Pieper, J. R., Delgado, D. M. ve Li, M. (2019). Perceived workplace gender discrimination and employee consequences: A meta-analysis and complementary studies considering Country Context. Journal of Management, 45 (6), 2419–2447.
Tropp, L. R. ve Brown, A. C. (2004). What benefits the group can also benefit the individual: Group-enhancing and individual-enhancing motives for collective action. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 7(3), 267–282.
Tuskan, A. A. (2012). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Toplumda Kadına Biçilen Roller ve Çözümleri. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 445-449.
Urbanska, K. ve Guimond, S. (2018). Swaying to the extreme: Group relative deprivation predicts voting for an extreme right party in the french presidential election. International Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 1-12.
Van Prooijen, J. W. ve Kuijper, S. M. H. C. (2020). A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances. Personality and Individual Differences, 159, 1-6.
Van Zomeren, M. ve Iyer, A. (2009). Introduction to the social and psychological dynamics of collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 645–660.
Walker, I. ve Smith, H. J. (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watkins, L., Aitken, R. ve Mather, D. (2015). Conscientious consumers: A relationship between moral foundations, political orientation and sustainable consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 137-146.
Wetherell, G. A., Brandt, M. J. ve Reyna, C. (2013). Discrimination across the ideological divide. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 658–667.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women's Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [6 months] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)