Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Bakım Emeği ve Sosyal Refah Politikaları: Bakım Ödenekleri ya da Temel Gelir Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğine Katkıda Bulunur mu?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i1.273Anahtar Kelimeler:
bakım emeği- kadın- sosyal refah politikaları- toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği- temel gelirÖzet
Ev içi ve ev dışı emeğin toplumsal cinsiyete göre dengesiz dağılımı bugün kadınların karşı karşıya kaldığı birçok adaletsizliğe ve cinsiyete dayalı toplumsal ve ekonomik eşitsizliğe yol açmaktadır. Kadınlara bakım faaliyetlerini yürütebilmeleri için verilen ödenekler gibi bazı sosyal politika girişimleri kadınların gelir getirmeksizin üstlendiği bakım emeğinin maddi ve manevi olarak karşılanması açısından olumlu girişimler olarak yorumlanabilir. Bu makalede, bu gibi tasarılar toplumsal cinsiyet, bakım emeği ve sosyal refah konularını toplumsal cinsiyet açısından ele alan literatür bağlamında değerlendirilmekte, bakımın kadının doğal rolü olduğu düşünüldüğü sürece bu gibi tasarıların toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine katkılarının yetersiz olacağı vurgulanmaktadır. Makalede, devletlerin vatandaşlarına koşulsuz olarak vereceği aylık ödenek olarak tanımlanan Temel Gelir sosyal politika tasarısı üzerine yapılan akademik tartışmalar özetlenecek ve Temel Gelirin kadınların ekonomik güvenlik seviyesini arttırmak, bakım emeğinin değerli kılınmasını sağlamak ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı emek dağılımını kadınların lehine dönüştürmek gibi toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik faydaları ele alınacaktır. Her ne kadar Temel Gelir, kadınların toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği nedeniyle yaşadıkları sorunların hepsine deva olabilecek nitelikte olmasa da, bu konunun toplumsal cinsiyet ekseninden tartışılması gerek bakım emeğinin insan ilişkilerindeki önemini gerek de eşit rol dağılımının gerçekleşmesinde erkeklerin sorumluluğunu göstermesi açısından son derece önemlidir.
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Alcock P. (1989). Unconditional Benefits: Misplaced Optimism in Income Maintaenance. Capital and Class, 37: 117-132.
Alstott A. (2004). What We Owe to Parents. Boston Review, 29(2). Retrieved from: http://bostonreview.net/us/anne-l-alstott-what-we-owe-parents. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Atkinson A. B. (1995). Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Baker J. (2008). All Things Considered, Should Feminists Embrace Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, 3(3): n/a. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis.2008.3.3/bis.2008.3.3.1129/bis.2008.3.3.1129.xml. Access date: July 29, 2017.
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Bubeck D. (1995). Care, Gender and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Christensen E. (2002). Feminist Arguments in Favour of Welfare and Basic Income in Denmark. Proceedings of BIEN (Basic Income European Network) 9th International Congress’02. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/ses/download/docs/chris.pdf. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Elgarte J. (2008). Basic Income and the Gendered Division of Labour. Basic Income Studies, 3(3): n/a. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis.2008.3.3/bis.2008.3.3.1136/bis.2008.3.3.1136.xml. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Fineman M. (2001) Dependencies. In Hirschmann N. & Liebert U. (Eds.), Women & Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe. New Jersey: Rutgers UP: 23-38.
Frankman M.J. (2002). A Planet Wide Citizen’s Basic Income. Proceedings of BIEN (Basic Income European Network) 9th International Congress’02. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/25124/ssoar-avinus-2008-27042008-frankman-a_planet-wide_citizens_income_an.pdf?sequence=1. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Fraser N. (1997). After the Family Wage: A Postindustrial Thought Experiment. In Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ‘Postsocialist’ Condition. New York: Routledge.
Gheaus A. (2008). Basic Income, Gender Justice and the Costs of Gender-Symmetrical Lifestyles. Basic Income Studies, 3(3): n/a. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis.2008.3.3/bis.2008.3.3.1134/bis.2008.3.3.1134.xml. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Goodin R. (1992). Towards a Minimally Presumptuous Social Welfare Policy. In Parijs P.V. (Ed.), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform. London: Verso: 195-215.
Gornick J.C. & Meyers M.K. (2001). Gendering Welfare State Variation: Income Transfers, Employment Supports, and Family Poverty. In Hirschmann N. & Liebert U. (Eds.), Women & Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe. New Jersey: Rutgers UP: 215-244.
Gornick J.C. & Meyers M.K. (2003). Families That Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Hochschild A. (1989). The Second Shift. London: Piatkus.
Jenson J. (1997). Who Cares? Gender and Welfare Regimes. Social Politics, 4(2): 182-87.
Kittay E.F. (1999). Love’s Labour: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency. New York: Routledge.
Kittay E.F. (2001). From Welfare to a Public Ethic of Care. In Hirschmann N., and Liebert U. (Eds.), Women & Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe. New Jersey: Rutgers UP: 38-65.
Knijin T. & Kremer M. (1997). Gender and the Caring Dimension of Welfare States: Toward Inclusive Citizenship. Social Politics, 4(3): 328-361.
Lister R. (1994). She has Other Duties: Women, Citizenship and Social Security. In Baldwin S. & Falkingham J. (Eds.), Social Security and Social Change. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf: 31-44.
McKay A. & VanEvery J. (2000). Gender, Family, and Income Maintenance: A Feminist Case for Citizens Basic Income. Social Politics, 7(2): 266-284.
McKay A. (2001). Rethinking Work and Income Maintenance Policy: Promoting Gender Equality through a Citizen’s Basic Income. Feminist Economics, 7(1): 97-118.
Michel S. & Mahon R. (Eds.) (2002). Child Care Policy at the Crossroads: Gender and Welfare State Restructuring. New York: Routledge.
Offe C. (1992). A Non-Productivist Design for Social Policies. In Parijs P.V. (Ed.), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform. London: Verso: 61-78.
Okin S.M. (1989). Justice, Gender, and the Family. New York: Basic Books.
O’Reilly J. (2008). Can a Basic Income Lead to a More Gender Equal Society? Basic Income Studies, 3(3): n/a. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis.2008.3.3/bis.2008.3.3.1135/bis.2008.3.3.1135.xml. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Pateman C. (2004). Democratizing Citizenship: Some Advantages of a Basic Income. Politics & Society, 32(1): 89-105.
Pateman C. (1988). The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity Press. Gender, Care and Welfare: Caretakers Allowances, Basic Income, Gender Equality? 129
Pettit P. (2007). A Republican Right to Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, 2(2): 1-8.
Perez J.L.R. (2004). A New Gender Perspective for Basic Income. Proceedings of BIEN (Basic Income European Network) 10th International Congress’04. Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved from: basicincome.org/bien/pdf/2004ReyPerez1.doc. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Robeyns I. (2001). An Income of One’s Own: A Radical Vision of Welfare Policies in Europe and Beyond. Gender and Development, 9(1): 82-89.
Stanley-Clarke N. (1996). The Needs of Women and the Universal Basic Income as a Solution? UBINZ Universal Basic Income New Zealand. Retrieved from: http://www.oocities.org/ubinz/Nicola_UBI_women.html. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Tronto J.C. (2001). Who Cares? Public and Private Caring and the Rethinking of Citizenship. In Hirschmann N. & Liebert U. (Eds.), Women & Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe. New Jersey: Rutgers UP: 65-84.
Ungerson C. (1997). Social Politics and the Commodification of Care. Social Politics, 4(3): 362-381.
Van Parijs P. (Ed.). (1992). Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform. London: Verso.
Van Parijs P. (1995). Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) Can Justify Capitalism? Oxford: Oxford UP.
Van Parijs P. (2002). Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of BIEN (Basic Income European Network) 9th International Congress’02: Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/929-utopias-2013/.../RedesigningDistrCh1.pdf. Access date: July 29, 2017.
Van Parijs P. (2004). Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century. Politics & Society, 32(1): 7-39.
Vollenweider C. (2013). Domestic Service and Gender Equality: An Unavoidable Problem for the Feminist Debate on Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, 8(1): 19-41.
Zelleke A. (2008). Institutionalizing the Universal Caretaker through a Basic Income? Basic Income Studies, 3(3): n/a. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis.2008.3.3/bis.2008.3.3.1133/bis.2008.3.3.1133.xml. Access date: July 29, 2017.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
2017-05-10
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Göker, Z. G. (2017). Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Bakım Emeği ve Sosyal Refah Politikaları: Bakım Ödenekleri ya da Temel Gelir Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğine Katkıda Bulunur mu?. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 19(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i1.273
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