Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? AKP’nin Sosyal Politika ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yaklaşımını Şartlı Nakit Transferleri (ŞNT) Üzerinden Okumak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v17i1.68Anahtar Kelimeler:
sosyal politika- yoksulluk- kadın- anne- neoliberal- muhafazakar- Şartlı Nakit Transferi (ŞNT)Özet
Bu makale, AKP Hükümeti döneminde sosyal politikanın toplumsal cinsiyet boyutuna, özellikle kadınların yoksulluğu azaltma programlarında nasıl konumlandırıldığı açısından bakmaktadır. AKP Hükümeti’nin önde gelen bir sosyal yardım programı olarak Şartlı Nakit Transferi’ne (ŞNT) odaklanmaktadır. Makale genel olarak ŞNT’yi ve özelde Türkiye’de uygulanan ŞNT programını bir toplumsal cinsiyet analizine tabi tutmaktadır. Özellikle kadınlara atfedilen roller açısından ŞNT programının, AKP’nin muhafazakar ve neoliberal yaklaşımını nasıl yansıttığını göstermektedir. AKP’nin politikalarındaki toplumsal cinsiyet konusundaki çift-taraflılığın ŞNT örneğinde de görülebildiğini iddia etmektedir. Söylemsel düzeyde kadınların bu program aracılığıyla güçlendirilmesinden bahsedilirken, programın yapılandırılma şeklinin kadınların eviçi geleneksel rollerini güçlendirdiği savunulmaktadır. Program kapsamında para transferlerinin annelerin hesaplarına yapılması programın kadınları güçlendiren bir özelliği olarak savunulmaktadır. Ancak para transferini annelik statülerinden dolayı almaları aslında kadınlar ve erkeklerin farklı rollerini vurgulayan özcü bakıç açısını güçlendirmektedir. Neoliberal sosyal risk yönetimi yaklaşımına dayanan ŞNT, yoksul aileyi gelecekteki sosyal risklerle mücadele edecek temel mekanizma olarak hedeflemektedir. Sosyal koruma rolü devletten aileye kaydırılmakta, ayrıca anneler para transferinin alıcısı olarak belirlendiğinde yoksulluktan kurtulma ve riskleri yönetme sorumluluğu kadınlara bırakılmaktadır. Özetle bu makale, neoliberal ve muhafazakar yönelimleri olan AKP için ŞNT’nin çok uygun bir sosyal yardım programı olduğunu iddia etmektedir.
Referanslar
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Gitter S. & Barham B. (2008). Women’s Power, Conditional Cash Transfers, and Schooling in Nicaragua. World Bank Economic Review, 22(2): 271-290.
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Molyneux M. (2007). Two Cheers for CCTs. IDS Bulletin, 38(3): 69-74.
Molyneux M. (2006). Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/Oportunidades, Mexico’s Conditional Cash Program. Social Policy and Administration, 40(4): 425-449.
Molyneux M. (1985). Mobilization without Emancipation? Women’s Interests, State, and Revolution in Nicaragua. Feminist Studies, 11(2): 227-54.
Patton M. (2006). The Economic Policies of Turkey’s AKP Government: Rabbits from a Hat? Middle East Journal, 60(3): 513-536.
Robertson L.; Mushati P. & Eaton J. (2013). Effects of Unconditional and Conditional Cash Transfers on Child Health Development in Zimbabwe: A Cluster Randomized Trial. The Lancet, 381(9874): 1283-1292.
Rose N. (1996). Governing ‘Advanced’ Liberal Democracies. In Osborne B. & Rose N. (Eds.), Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Rationalities of Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 37-64.
Standing G. (2014). Conditionality and Human Rights. UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development): 1-6. İnternet adresi: http://ww w.unrisd.org/sp-hr-standing.
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Standing G. (2010). Social Protection. In Cornwall A. & Eade D. (Eds.), Deconstructing Development Discourse: Buzzwords and Fuzzwords. Oxford: Oxfam GB: 53-67.
Standing G. (2007). Conditional Cash Transfers: Why Targeting and Conditionalities Could Fail. IPC One Pager, 47: 1-1
Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? 49
Standing G. (2005). Why Basic Income is Needed for a Right to Work. Rutgers Journal of Law and Urban Policy, 2(1): 91-102.
UNICEF (2014). Türkiye’de Şartlı Nakit Transferi Programının İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Politika Belgesi.
World Bank (WB) (2008). Implementation Completion and Results Report for the Social Risk Mitigation Project. Report No: ICR0000306.
World Bank (WB) (2001). Turkey-Social Risk Mitigation Project. Project Information Document. Report Number PID10515.
Yılmaz B. (2012). Şartlı Nakit Transferi Kadını Güçlendirmede Nerede Duruyor? Mersin, Adana, Antep, Mardin ve Diyarbakır’dan Bir Saha Çalışmasının İlk Bulguları. Türkiye Sosyal Politikalarını Tartışıyor Konferansı
Yörük E. (2012). Welfare Provision as Political Containment: The Politics of Social Assistance and the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Politics and Society, 40(4): 517-547.
Barrera-Osorio F.; Bertrand M.; Linden L.L; & Perez-Calle F. (2011). Conditional Cash Transfers in Education Design Features, Peer and Sibling Effects: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 13890.
Behrman J.; Sengupta P. & Todd P. (2000). The Impact of Progresa on Achievement Test Scores in the First Year. Final Report, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Brown W. (2003). Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. Theory and Event, 7(1): 1-19.
Buğra A. (2013). Revisiting the Wollstonecraft Dilemma in the Context of Conservative Liberalism: The Case of Female Employment in Turkey. Social Politics, 21(1): 148-166.
Buğra A. & Candaş A. (2011). Change and Continuity under an Eclectic Social Security Regime: The Case of Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 47(3): 515-528.
Buğra A. & Keyder Ç. (2006). The Turkish Welfare Regime in Transformation. Journal of European Social Policy, 16(3): 211-228.
Chant S. (2007). Gender, Generation, and Poverty: Exploring the ‘Feminization of Poverty’ in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Chaudhury N. & Parajuli D. (2006). Conditional Cash Transfers and Female Schooling: The Impact of the Female School Stipend Program on Public School Enrollments in Pubjab, Pakistan. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no 4102.
Clarke J. (2004). Dissolving the Public Realm? The Logics and Limits of New Liberalism. Journal of Social Policy, 33(1): 27-48.
Coşar S. & Özman A. (2004). Center-right Politics in Turkey after the November 2002 General Election: Neoliberalism with a Muslim Face. Contemporary Politics, 10(1): 57-74.
Dedeoğlu S. (2013). Veiled Europeanization of Welfare State in Turkey: Gender and Social Policy in the 2000s. Women’s Studies International Forum, 41(1): 7-13.
Dedeoğlu S. (2012). Equality, Protection or Discrimination: Gender Eqaulity Policies in Turkey. Social Politics, 19(2): 269-290.
Dünya Bankası (DB) (2015a). Conditional Cash Transfers. İnternet adresi: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTSAFETYNETSANDTRANSFERS/0,,contentMDK:20615138~menuPK:282766~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282761,00.html. Erişim tarihi: 21. 10. 2014.
Dünya Bankası (DB) (2015b). CCT Programs: Now on Every Continent. İnternet adresi:http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:22063209~noSURL:Y~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html. Erişim tarihi: 23.10.2014.
Fizsbein A. & Shady N. (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty. Washington DC: World Bank.
Fraser N. (2003). From Discipline to Flexibilization?- Reading Foucault in the Shadow of Globalization. Constellations, 10(2): 160-171.
Freeland N. (2007). Superfluous, Pernicious, Atrocious, and Abominable? The Case against Conditional Cash Transfers. IDS Bulletin, 38(3): 75-78.
Gitter S. & Barham B. (2008). Women’s Power, Conditional Cash Transfers, and Schooling in Nicaragua. World Bank Economic Review, 22(2): 271-290.
Glewwe P. & Olinto P. (2004). Evaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Schooling: An Experimental Analysis of Honduras. PRAF Program. Final Report for USAID.
Grütjen D. (2008). The Turkish Welfare Regime: An Example of the Southern European Model? The Role of the State, Market, and Family in Welfare Provision. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 7(1): 111-129.
Holzmann R. & Kozel V. (2007). The Role of Social Risk Management in Development: A World Bank View. IDS Bulletin, 38(3): 8-13.
Lagarde M.; Haines A. & Palmer N. (2009). The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Health Outcomes and Use of Health Services in Low and Middle Income Countries. The Cochrane Collaboration, 4: 1-53.
Lomel E.V. (2008). Conditional Cash Transfers as Social Policy in Latin America: An Assessment of Their Contributions and Limitations. Annual Review of Sociology, 34: 475-499.
Marshall T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Ministry of Family and Social Policy (MFSP) (2012). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Turkey Project Report. MFSP: Ankara.
Molyneux M. (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers: A ‘Pathway to Women’s Empowerment’? Pathways to Women’s Empowerment Working Paper 5. Institute of Development Studies: Brighton.
Molyneux M. (2007). Two Cheers for CCTs. IDS Bulletin, 38(3): 69-74.
Molyneux M. (2006). Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/Oportunidades, Mexico’s Conditional Cash Program. Social Policy and Administration, 40(4): 425-449.
Molyneux M. (1985). Mobilization without Emancipation? Women’s Interests, State, and Revolution in Nicaragua. Feminist Studies, 11(2): 227-54.
Patton M. (2006). The Economic Policies of Turkey’s AKP Government: Rabbits from a Hat? Middle East Journal, 60(3): 513-536.
Robertson L.; Mushati P. & Eaton J. (2013). Effects of Unconditional and Conditional Cash Transfers on Child Health Development in Zimbabwe: A Cluster Randomized Trial. The Lancet, 381(9874): 1283-1292.
Rose N. (1996). Governing ‘Advanced’ Liberal Democracies. In Osborne B. & Rose N. (Eds.), Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Rationalities of Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 37-64.
Standing G. (2014). Conditionality and Human Rights. UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development): 1-6. İnternet adresi: http://ww w.unrisd.org/sp-hr-standing.
Standing G. (2011). Behavioral Conditionality: Why the Nudges Must Be Stopped-An Opinion Piece. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 19(1): 27-38.
Standing G. (2010). Social Protection. In Cornwall A. & Eade D. (Eds.), Deconstructing Development Discourse: Buzzwords and Fuzzwords. Oxford: Oxfam GB: 53-67.
Standing G. (2007). Conditional Cash Transfers: Why Targeting and Conditionalities Could Fail. IPC One Pager, 47: 1-1
Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? 49
Standing G. (2005). Why Basic Income is Needed for a Right to Work. Rutgers Journal of Law and Urban Policy, 2(1): 91-102.
UNICEF (2014). Türkiye’de Şartlı Nakit Transferi Programının İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Politika Belgesi.
World Bank (WB) (2008). Implementation Completion and Results Report for the Social Risk Mitigation Project. Report No: ICR0000306.
World Bank (WB) (2001). Turkey-Social Risk Mitigation Project. Project Information Document. Report Number PID10515.
Yılmaz B. (2012). Şartlı Nakit Transferi Kadını Güçlendirmede Nerede Duruyor? Mersin, Adana, Antep, Mardin ve Diyarbakır’dan Bir Saha Çalışmasının İlk Bulguları. Türkiye Sosyal Politikalarını Tartışıyor Konferansı
Yörük E. (2012). Welfare Provision as Political Containment: The Politics of Social Assistance and the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Politics and Society, 40(4): 517-547.
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2019-06-28
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Yılmaz-Şener, M. (2019). Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? AKP’nin Sosyal Politika ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yaklaşımını Şartlı Nakit Transferleri (ŞNT) Üzerinden Okumak. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 17(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v17i1.68
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