Gender and Space in Reciprocal Relation: A Discussion on the Structuring of Social Space by Patriarchy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v17i1.70Keywords:
feminist geography, gender, private space, public spaceAbstract
Space is where we can see most tangibly that cultural citizenship values exclude women literally. This is because cultural construction of space has inherent in its symbolism the legitimacy to exclude women from power and influence. Therefore, the specific aim of feminist geography is to investigate, make visible and challenge the relationships between gender divisions and spatial divisions, to uncover their mutual constitution—-structuring of social space by patriarchy- and problematize their apparent naturalness.
In this paper, my purpose is to examine the extent to which women and men experience spaces and places differently and to discuss how these differences themselves are part of the social constitution of gender as well as that of place. Firstly, I will try to uncover the male-centered epistemology that dominated academic geography—especially by focusing on the geopolitical understanding—and the way in which spatial thinking was influenced by the discipline’s masculinist approach. Secondly, I will discuss the reciprocal relation between gender and social space by dealing with the key concepts of feminist geography. In doing this, I will examine the relationship between socially constructed concepts of ‘public’ and ‘private’ and the construction of gendered identities. And finally, I will also criticize the distinction between public and private spaces by focusing on contemporarily socio-economic and cultural practices of women.
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Anthamatten P. & Hazen H. (2010). An Introduction to the Geography of Health. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
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Bourdieu P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cloke P. & Johnston R. (2005). Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. İçinde Cloke P. & Johnston R. (Ed.). Spaces of Geographical Thought. London: Sage: 1- 20.
Cloke P., Philo C. & Sadler D. (1991). Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd.
Craddock S. (1995). Sewers and Scape Goats- Spatial Metaphors of Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Canadian Geographer/Géographe Canadien, 48: 62-75.
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Domosh M. & Seager J. (2001). Putting Women in Place: Feminist Geographers Making Sense of the World. New York: The Guildford Press.
Donovan J. (2014). Feminist Teori: Entelektüel Gelenekler (Çev. Bora A., Ağduk Gevrek M. & Sayılan F.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Entrikin J. N. & Tepple J. H. (2006). Humanism and Democratic Place-Making. İçinde, Aitken S. & Valentine G. (Ed.). Approaches to Human Geography. London: Sage Publications: 30-41.
Feng Y. (2013). Kadının Özgür ve Bütünsel Gelişimi: Feminizm ve Marksist Hümanizmin Diyalektiği (Çev. Kızılçeç D.). İstanbul: Canut Yayınevi.
Fenster T. (2005). Gender and the City: The Different Formations of Belonging. İçinde, Nelson L. & Seager J. (Ed.). A Companion to Feminist Geography. Malden: Blackwell Publishing & Wiley: 242-256.
Fırat S. (2002). Kentsel Mekânlarda Kamusal Alan. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 11(4): 41-72.
Fleetwood T. (2009). Space, Gender and Work: The Experiences and Identities of Female Street Traders in Central Pinetown, Durban. Degree of Master of Social Science, Geography and Environmental Management in the School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
Hall C. (1992). White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Harvey D. (1969). Explanation in Geography. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
Harvey D. (1973). Social Justice in the City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Hubbard P. (2005): Space/Place. İçinde, Atkinson D., Jackson P., Sibley D. & Washbourne N. (Ed.). Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts. London: Tauris: 41- 48.
Hubbard P., Kitchen R., Bartley B. & Fuller D. (2002). Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography. London: Continuum Press.
John A. (1980). By the Sweat of their Brow: Women Workers at Victorian Coal Mines. London: Croom Helm.
Johnston L. (2005). Man: Woman. İçinde, Cloke P. & Johnston R. (Ed.). Spaces of Geographical Thought. London: Sage Publications: 119-137.
Kitchen R. (2006). Positivist Geographies and Spatial Science. İçinde, Aitken S. & Valentine G. (Ed.). Approaches to Human Geography. London: Sage Publications: 20-29.
Knox P. & Pinch S. (2010). Urban Social Geography: An Introduction. Sixth edition. London: Prentice Hall.
Lambert D. (2004). Geography in the Holocaust: Citizenship Denied. Teaching History, 116: 42- 48.
Lefebvre H. (1991). The Production of Space (Çev: Nicholson S.D.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Lefebvre H. (2014). Mekânın Üretimi (Çev: Ergüden I.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
Martin J. (2005). Identity. İçinde, Atkinson D., Jackson P., Sibley D. & Washbourne N. (Ed.), Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts. London: Tauris: 97-101.
Massey D. (1994). Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Massey D. (2004). Geographies of Responsibility. Geografiska Annaler, 86B (1): 5-18.
Massey D. (2005). For Space. London: Sage Publications.
McDowell L. (1992a). Space, Place and Gender relations, Part 1: Feminist Empiricism and the Geography of Social Relations. Progress in Human Geography, 17: 157-179.
McDowell L. (1992b). Space, Place and Gender Relations, Part 2: Identity, Difference, Feminist Geometries and Geographies. Progress in Human Geography. 17: 305-318.
McDowell L. (1997). Capital Culture: Women at Work in the City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
McDowell L. (1999). Gender, Identity and Space: Understanding Feminist Geographies. First edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McDowell L. (2007). Gender, Identity and Space: Understanding Feminist Geographies. Third edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McDowell L. & Massey D. (1996). A Women’s Place! İçinde, Agnew J., Livingstone D. N., Rogers A. (Ed.). Human Geography: An Essential Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher: 458-475.
McDowell L. & Sharp J.P. (1997). Practising Feminist Geographies: Editors’ Introduction. İçinde McDowell L. & Sharp J.P. (Eds.). Space, Gender, Knowledge: Feminist Readings. London: Arnold Publishing: 99-104.
Mitchell D. (2000). Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publication.
Moss P. (2002). Taking on, Thinking about, and Doing Feminist Research in Geography. İçinde, Moss P. (Ed.). Feminist Geography in Practice: Research and Methods. Oxford: Blackwell: 1-20.
Natter W. & Jones III, J. P. (1997). Identity, Space, and Other Uncertainties. İçinde, Benko G. & Strohmayer U. (Ed.). Space & Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers: 141-161.
Özlük E. (2007). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Feminizm. İçinde, Çakmak H. (Der.), Uluslararası İlişkiler: Giriş, Kavramlar ve Teoriler. Ankara: Platin Yayınları:198-204.
Peet R. (1998). Modern Geographical Thought. Oxford Blackwell Publishers.
Pratt G. (2005). Masculinity-Femininity. İçinde Cloke P., Crangve P. & Goodwin M. (Eds.), Introducing Human Geographies. Second edition. London: Hodder Arnold: 54-64.
Rose G. (1993). Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Sharp J. (2004). Feminisms. İçinde, Duncan J.S.; Johnson N.C. & Schein R.H. (Ed.), A Companion to Cultural Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: 66-78.
Sassen S. (1990). Global City. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smith S. (2005). Society-Space. İçinde, Cloke P., Crang P. & Goodwin M. (Ed.). Introducing Human Geographies. London: Hodder Arnold: 18-33.
Soja E.W. (1989). Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso.
Tuan Y.F. (1996). Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective. İçinde Agnew J., Livingstone D.N. & Rogers A. (Eds.), Human Geography: An Essential Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers: 444-475.
Urry J. (1999). Mekânları Tüketmek (Çev. Öğdül R. G.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayıncılık.
UN (United Nations) (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision Data Base. İnternet adresi: http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.ht m. Erişim tarihi: 1.2.2015.
Vennes A. (1992). Home and Homeless in the United States: Changing Ideals and Realities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 10: 445-468.
Watson S. & Austerberry H. (1986). Housing and Homelessness: A Feminist Perspective. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Winchester H. & Costello L. (1995). Living on the Street: Social Organisation and Gender Relations of Australian Street Kids. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 13: 329-348.
Acar-Savran G. (2013). Beden Emek Tarih: Diyalektik Bir Feminizm İçin. İstanbul: Pusula Yayıncılık.
Agnew J. (2005). Space: Place. İçinde, Cloke P. & Johnston R. (Ed.), Spaces of Geographical Thought. London: Sage Publications: 81-96.
Akpınar A., Bakay G. & Dedehayır H. (2009). Sunuş: Neden Kadın ve Mekân? İçinde, Akpınar A., Bakay G. & Dedehayır H. (Der.), Kadın ve Mekân: Tutsaklık mı? Sultanlık mı? İstanbul: Turkuvaz Kitapçılık ve Yayıncılık: 11-17.
Alkan A. (2009). Giriş: Cinsiyet Dinamiklerinin Peşinden Mekânın İzini Sürmek. İçinde Alkan A. (Der.), Cins Cins Mekân. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları: 7-35.
Alkan-Korkmaz S. & Allmer A. (2013). Mekânın DNA’sı: Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Mekânsal Kalıplarının Sorgulanması. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 14(1): 107-133.
Anthamatten P. & Hazen H. (2010). An Introduction to the Geography of Health. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Beck U. (2011). Risk Toplumu: Başka Bir Modernliğe Doğru (Çev. Özdoğan K. & Doğan B.). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
Bilton T., Bonnett K., Jones P., Lawson T., Skinner D., Stanworth M. & Webster A., (2009). Sosyoloji (Çev. İnal K., Kartal Y., Özkale, N., Toraman, K., Özkan Y. & Güngen A.R. Siyasal Kitabevi: Ankara.
Bondi L. (2005). Troubling Space, Making Space, Doing Space. Group Analysis, 38(1): 137-149.
Bondi L. & Christie H. (2003). Working out the Urban: Gender Relations and the City. İçinde Bridge G. & Watson S. (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to the City. Oxford: Blakckwell: 292-306.
Bourdieu P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cloke P. & Johnston R. (2005). Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. İçinde Cloke P. & Johnston R. (Ed.). Spaces of Geographical Thought. London: Sage: 1- 20.
Cloke P., Philo C. & Sadler D. (1991). Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd.
Craddock S. (1995). Sewers and Scape Goats- Spatial Metaphors of Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Canadian Geographer/Géographe Canadien, 48: 62-75.
Cresswell T. (2005). Place. İçinde, Cloke P., Crang P. & Goodwin M. (Ed.), Introducing Human Geographies. Second edition. London: Hodder Arnold: 485-494.
Çalış Ş.H. & Özlük E. (2007). Jeopolitik: Mekânın Siyasallaştırılması ve Suistimali. İçinde, Dağı Z. (Ed.), Uluslararası Politikayı Anlamak: Ulus-Devlet’ten Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul: Alfa Yayıncılık: 153-211.
Direk Z. (2014). Judith Butler: Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Bedenin Maddeleşmesi. İçinde, Direk Z. (Der.), Cinsiyetli Olmak: Sosyal Bilimlere Feminist Bakışlar. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları: 67-84.
Dixon D. P. & Jones III J. P. (2006). Feminist Geographies of Difference, Relation and Construction. İçinde, Aitken S. & Valentine G. (Ed.), Approaches to Human Geography. London: Sage Publications: 42-56.
Domosh M. & Seager J. (2001). Putting Women in Place: Feminist Geographers Making Sense of the World. New York: The Guildford Press.
Donovan J. (2014). Feminist Teori: Entelektüel Gelenekler (Çev. Bora A., Ağduk Gevrek M. & Sayılan F.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Entrikin J. N. & Tepple J. H. (2006). Humanism and Democratic Place-Making. İçinde, Aitken S. & Valentine G. (Ed.). Approaches to Human Geography. London: Sage Publications: 30-41.
Feng Y. (2013). Kadının Özgür ve Bütünsel Gelişimi: Feminizm ve Marksist Hümanizmin Diyalektiği (Çev. Kızılçeç D.). İstanbul: Canut Yayınevi.
Fenster T. (2005). Gender and the City: The Different Formations of Belonging. İçinde, Nelson L. & Seager J. (Ed.). A Companion to Feminist Geography. Malden: Blackwell Publishing & Wiley: 242-256.
Fırat S. (2002). Kentsel Mekânlarda Kamusal Alan. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 11(4): 41-72.
Fleetwood T. (2009). Space, Gender and Work: The Experiences and Identities of Female Street Traders in Central Pinetown, Durban. Degree of Master of Social Science, Geography and Environmental Management in the School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
Hall C. (1992). White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Harvey D. (1969). Explanation in Geography. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
Harvey D. (1973). Social Justice in the City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Hubbard P. (2005): Space/Place. İçinde, Atkinson D., Jackson P., Sibley D. & Washbourne N. (Ed.). Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts. London: Tauris: 41- 48.
Hubbard P., Kitchen R., Bartley B. & Fuller D. (2002). Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography. London: Continuum Press.
John A. (1980). By the Sweat of their Brow: Women Workers at Victorian Coal Mines. London: Croom Helm.
Johnston L. (2005). Man: Woman. İçinde, Cloke P. & Johnston R. (Ed.). Spaces of Geographical Thought. London: Sage Publications: 119-137.
Kitchen R. (2006). Positivist Geographies and Spatial Science. İçinde, Aitken S. & Valentine G. (Ed.). Approaches to Human Geography. London: Sage Publications: 20-29.
Knox P. & Pinch S. (2010). Urban Social Geography: An Introduction. Sixth edition. London: Prentice Hall.
Lambert D. (2004). Geography in the Holocaust: Citizenship Denied. Teaching History, 116: 42- 48.
Lefebvre H. (1991). The Production of Space (Çev: Nicholson S.D.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Lefebvre H. (2014). Mekânın Üretimi (Çev: Ergüden I.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
Martin J. (2005). Identity. İçinde, Atkinson D., Jackson P., Sibley D. & Washbourne N. (Ed.), Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts. London: Tauris: 97-101.
Massey D. (1994). Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Massey D. (2004). Geographies of Responsibility. Geografiska Annaler, 86B (1): 5-18.
Massey D. (2005). For Space. London: Sage Publications.
McDowell L. (1992a). Space, Place and Gender relations, Part 1: Feminist Empiricism and the Geography of Social Relations. Progress in Human Geography, 17: 157-179.
McDowell L. (1992b). Space, Place and Gender Relations, Part 2: Identity, Difference, Feminist Geometries and Geographies. Progress in Human Geography. 17: 305-318.
McDowell L. (1997). Capital Culture: Women at Work in the City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
McDowell L. (1999). Gender, Identity and Space: Understanding Feminist Geographies. First edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McDowell L. (2007). Gender, Identity and Space: Understanding Feminist Geographies. Third edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McDowell L. & Massey D. (1996). A Women’s Place! İçinde, Agnew J., Livingstone D. N., Rogers A. (Ed.). Human Geography: An Essential Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher: 458-475.
McDowell L. & Sharp J.P. (1997). Practising Feminist Geographies: Editors’ Introduction. İçinde McDowell L. & Sharp J.P. (Eds.). Space, Gender, Knowledge: Feminist Readings. London: Arnold Publishing: 99-104.
Mitchell D. (2000). Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publication.
Moss P. (2002). Taking on, Thinking about, and Doing Feminist Research in Geography. İçinde, Moss P. (Ed.). Feminist Geography in Practice: Research and Methods. Oxford: Blackwell: 1-20.
Natter W. & Jones III, J. P. (1997). Identity, Space, and Other Uncertainties. İçinde, Benko G. & Strohmayer U. (Ed.). Space & Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers: 141-161.
Özlük E. (2007). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Feminizm. İçinde, Çakmak H. (Der.), Uluslararası İlişkiler: Giriş, Kavramlar ve Teoriler. Ankara: Platin Yayınları:198-204.
Peet R. (1998). Modern Geographical Thought. Oxford Blackwell Publishers.
Pratt G. (2005). Masculinity-Femininity. İçinde Cloke P., Crangve P. & Goodwin M. (Eds.), Introducing Human Geographies. Second edition. London: Hodder Arnold: 54-64.
Rose G. (1993). Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Sharp J. (2004). Feminisms. İçinde, Duncan J.S.; Johnson N.C. & Schein R.H. (Ed.), A Companion to Cultural Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: 66-78.
Sassen S. (1990). Global City. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smith S. (2005). Society-Space. İçinde, Cloke P., Crang P. & Goodwin M. (Ed.). Introducing Human Geographies. London: Hodder Arnold: 18-33.
Soja E.W. (1989). Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso.
Tuan Y.F. (1996). Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective. İçinde Agnew J., Livingstone D.N. & Rogers A. (Eds.), Human Geography: An Essential Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers: 444-475.
Urry J. (1999). Mekânları Tüketmek (Çev. Öğdül R. G.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayıncılık.
UN (United Nations) (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision Data Base. İnternet adresi: http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.ht m. Erişim tarihi: 1.2.2015.
Vennes A. (1992). Home and Homeless in the United States: Changing Ideals and Realities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 10: 445-468.
Watson S. & Austerberry H. (1986). Housing and Homelessness: A Feminist Perspective. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Winchester H. & Costello L. (1995). Living on the Street: Social Organisation and Gender Relations of Australian Street Kids. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 13: 329-348.
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2019-07-01
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Yüceşahin, M. M. (2019). Gender and Space in Reciprocal Relation: A Discussion on the Structuring of Social Space by Patriarchy. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 17(1), 73–101. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v17i1.70
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