From the Perspective of Potential Man Entrepreneurs on Woman Entrepreneurship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v18i1.262Keywords:
woman, man, entrepreneurship, potential entrepreneurs, neoliberalism, ZMET technique, collageAbstract
The study focuses on woman entrepreneurship is a type of entrepreneurship. Woman entrepreneurship is examined in the study as a consideration of female labor is approved by neo-liberal policies. The research question is to what extent gender stereotypes is affected on woman entrepreneurship in a field where is generated by neo-liberal discourse. The background of the research question involves a questioning is related to the social consent of woman entrepreneurship. The questioning is transferred into practice through the foci of potential man entrepreneurs who have education in universities. The university implies to a field which has heavily been influenced by neo-liberal policies and to an institution which takes an active role in expanding the entrepreneurial mission; male students as a shade of sex are preferred to discern the effect of the gender stereotypes regarding woman entrepreneurship. The aim/claim of the study is to display how potential man entrepreneurs respond to woman entrepreneurs if they do apply gender stereotypes or do use marketing discourse. In the study, in-depth knowledge is introduced related to the research question and objective and for this purposes, as an interpretive method, the technique of ZMET is selected. For the inquiry, a volunteer group is consisting of male students have graduated has been selected from a university in keeping with the model of the entrepreneurial university. By these students as adopted 'potential man entrepreneurs', using pictures selected for the purposes by the researchers were asked to make a collage depicting woman entrepreneurs. For analyzing, it is used the classification of Carter and Malow (2007: 14) in order to discover the dimensions are identified representing woman entrepreneurship by male students. After participants evaluate the images, which are placed on collage, researchers interpret the findings according to the classification. Based on the collages, ...
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Başol O. (2010). Girişimci Kadın ve Erkeklerin Başarı Algısındaki Farklılıklar: Küçük Ölçekli İşletmelerde Bursa İli Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
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Bora A. (2014). Kadınların Sınıfı -Ücretli Ev Emeği ve Kadın Öznelliğinin İnşası. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
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Ergüneş, N. (2008). Neoliberalizm, Enformelleşme ve Kadın Emeği, İktisat Dergisi, 498: 24-30.
Fidan F. & Yeşil Y. (2015). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimciliğini Geliştirmede Eğitim Faaliyetleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(14): 318-329.
Fiske S.T. & Taylor S.E. (1991). Social Cognition, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gupta V. K. & Turban D.B. (2012). Evaluation of New Business Ideas: Do Gender Stereotypes Play a Role? Journal of Managerial Issues, 24(2):140-156.
Gupta V.K.; Turban D.B. & Pareek A. (2013). Differeces Between Men and Women in Oppotunity Evaluation as a Gender Stereotypes and Stereotype Activation. Entrereneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4): 771-788.
Gupta V.K. Turban D.B. & Bhawe N.M. (2008). The Effect of Gender Stereotype Activation on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):1053-1061.
Gülçubuk B.; Savcı, İ.; Özer D. & Demiryürek K., (2011). Türkiye’de Kırsal Alanda Kadının Girişimciliğini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi ve Kadınların Bu Konuda Güçlendirilmesine Yönelik Politika Önerilerinin Geliştirilmesi. TÜBİTAK, Proje No: 108K523. Nisan.
Güney S. (2006). Kadın Girişimciliğine Genel Bir Bakış. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 1(1): 25-43.
Hazlett S. & J. Henderson, F. Hill, C. Leitch (2007). Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship Among Female and Male Undergraduates-A Preliminary Study, Female Entrepreneurship Implications for Education, Training and Policy, Edt. Nancy M. Carter, Colette Henry, Barra Ó Cinnéide & Kate Johnston, USA and Canada: Routledge,69-87.
Heilman M.E. (1997). Sex Discrimination and the Affirmative Action Remedy: The Role of Sex Stereotypes. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(9): 877–889.
Jennings J. E. & C Brush.G. (2013). Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literatüre. Academy of Management Annals,7:661-713.
Kandiyoti D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriachy. Gender and Society, 2(3):274-90.
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Köse, E., & Maltaş, A. (2013). Kamusal Alan Tanımında Neo-Liberal Dönüşümler ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Karaman Örneği. 8 Kasım Dünya Şehircilik Günü 37. Kolokyum, İzmir.
Köse E. & Maltaş A. (2014). Türk Kadın Girişimciliğinin Sosyo-Politiği: Yönelimler ve Eleştiriler. 6. Uluslararası Girişimcilik Kongresi, Kırgızistan.
Langowitz N. Minniti & M. (2007). The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3):341-364.
Lefkowitz J. (1994). Sex Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2):323–349.
Lesley Hoggart (2005). Neoliberalism, the New Right and Sexual Politics. İçinde, Saad-Filho A. & Johnston D. (Eds), Neoliberalism- A Critical Reader. London: Pluto Press:149-155.
Marlow S. (2002). Self-employed Women: A Part of or Apart from Feminist Theory? Entrepreneurship & Innovation, 2(2):83-91.
Marlow S. & Strange A. (1994). Female Entrepreneurs – Success by Whose Standards? İçinde, Tanton M. (Ed.), Women in Management: A Developing Presence. London: Routledge:172–84.
Mattis M.C. (2004). Women Entrepreneurs: Out from Under the Glass Ceiling. Women in Management Review, 19 (3):154–63.
McGowan P.; Redeker C.L.; Cooper S.Y. & K. Greenan (2012). Feamale Entrepreneurship and the Management of Business and Domestic Roles: Motivations, Expectations, and Realities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2):53-72.
Mies M.; Bennholdt-Thomsen V. & Von Werlhof C. (2014). Son Sömürge Kadınlar. (Çev: Y. Temurtürkan). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Minniti M. & Nardone C. (2007.) Being in Someone Else’s Shoes: the Role of Gender in Nascent Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 28, 223-238.
Moult S. & Anderson A.R. (2005). Enterprising Women: Gender and Maturity in New Venture and Development. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(3):255-271.
Ören K.; Negiz N. & Akman E. (2012). Kadınların Yoksullukla Mücadele Aracı Mikro Kredi: Deneyimler Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2): 313-338.
Özuğurlu A. (2012). Neoliberalizm ve Feminist Politikada “Sınıfsal Tutum” Arayışları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 67(4):125 – 146.
Powell G.N. (1993). Women and Men in Management, 2nd Edition, Newbury Park: Sage.
Redien-Collot (2009). Female Entrepreneurs’ Authority: Is the Creative Aspect of Authority A Masculine Fiction in Managerial and Entrepreneurial Paradigms? Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(4):419-441.
Sayın E. (2011). Kadın Girişimcilerin Sorunlarının Betimleyici Analizi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1): 23-32.
Slaughter S. & Leslie L.L. (1997). Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Soo Ha K. & S. Bunn Kim (2013). Are Women’s Attitudes Toward Business and Desire to Start A Business Different From Men’s? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 19(3):43-62.
Soysal A. (2010). Türkiye'de Kadın Girişimciler: Engeller ve Fırsatlar Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(01):83-114.
Toksöz G. (2012a). Kalkınmada Kadın Emeği. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
Toksöz G. (2012b). Geçmisten Günümüze Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Yaman Öztürk M. (2010a). Kapitalist Gelişme ve Kriz Sürecinde Kadın Emeği: Asya Deneyiminden Çıkarılacak Dersler. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24): 105-132.
Yaman Öztürk M. (2010b). Ücretli İş ve Ücretsiz Bakım Hizmeti Ekseninde Kadın Emeği: 1980’lerden 2000’lere. İçinde, Dedeoğlu S.& Yaman Öztürk M. (Der), Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kadın Emeği: Türkiye Örneği. İstanbul: SAV Yayınları.
Welch C.L.; Welch D.E. & Hewerdine L. (2008). Gender and Export Behaviour: Evidence from Women-Owned Enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 83: 113-126.
Zaltman G. (1997). Rethinking Market Research: Putting People Back In. Journal of Marketing Research, 34:424-437.
Zaltman G. (2003). How Customers Think. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Zaltman G. & Zaltman L. (2008). Pazarlama Metaforları: Pazarlamanın Yeni Çağında Tüketicinin Zihnini Anlamak. Boston: Harward Business School Press.
Zaltman G. & Coulter R.H. (1995). Seeing the Voice of the Customer: Metaphor-based Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35: 35-51.
Ahl H.J. (2002). The Making of the Female Entrepreneur: A Discourse Analysis of Research Texts on Women’s Entrepreneurship. JIBS Dissertation Series No. 015. Jonkoping International Business School. İnternet adresi: http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:3890/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2015.
Balkız Ö.I. & Öztürk E. (2013). Neoliberal Gelişme Anlayışı ve Kadın: Mikro Finans Uygulamaları Kadınları Güçlendiriyor mu? Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 3(2): 1-21.
Balkız Ö. (2015). Mikro Kredi ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme. University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences, 14(3): 535-557.
Barnett R. (2005). Convergence in Higher Education: The Strange Case of 'Entrepreneurialism. Higher Education Management and Policy, 17(3):51-64.
Baron R.A.; Markman G.D.& Hirsa A. (2001). Perceptions of Women and Men as Entrepreneurs: Evidence for Differential Effects of Attributional Augmenting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 923-929.
Başol O. (2010). Girişimci Kadın ve Erkeklerin Başarı Algısındaki Farklılıklar: Küçük Ölçekli İşletmelerde Bursa İli Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
Bok D. (2007). Piyasa Ortamında Üniversiteler. B. Yıldırım (Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Bora A. (2014). Kadınların Sınıfı -Ücretli Ev Emeği ve Kadın Öznelliğinin İnşası. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Bourne K.A. & Calas M.B. (2013). Becoming ‘Real’ Entrepreneurs: Women and the Gendered Normalization of Work. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(4): 425-438.
Bruin A.; Brush C.G.& Welter F. (2007). Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women’s Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3): 323-339.
Buğra A. (2007). Yoksullukla Mücadele Yöntemi Olarak Mikrokredi: Acıklı Bir Hikaye. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Politika Forumu, (2).
Carter S. & Marlow S. (2007). Female Entrepreneurship: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence. İçinde, Carter N.M.; Henry C.; Cinnéide B.Ó. & Johnston K. (Eds.), Female Entrepreneurship Implications for Education, Training and Policy. USA & Canada: Routledge:11-36.
Casson M.; Bernard Y.; Anuradha B. & Nigel W. (Eds.) (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Oxford University Press.
Clark B.R. (1998). Creating Entrepreneurial Universities. Paris & Oxford: IAU and Elsevier Science.
Coulter R.A.; Zaltman G. & Coulter K.S. (2001). Interpreting Consumer Perceptions of Advertising: An Application of the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique. Journal of Advertising, 30: 1-21.
Çakıcı A. (2006). Mersin'de Kadın Girişimcilerin İş Yaşamını Etkileyen Faktörler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(4): 54-78.
De Bruin A.; Brush C.G. & Welter F. (2007). Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women’s Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3): 323–339.
Dedeoğlu S. (2000). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Açısından Türkiye’de Aile ve Kadın Emeği. Toplum ve Bilim, 86: 139-170.
Deem R. (2001). Globalisation, New Managerialism, Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurialism in Universities: Is The Local Dimension Still İmportant?, Comparative Education, 37(1): 7-20.
Ecevit Y. (2007). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimciliğine Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: Uluslararası çalışma Örgütü (ILO) Türkiye Ofisi.
Ergüder B. (2010). Sermaye Birikimi Sürecinde Ücretsiz Kadın Emeği. İktisat Dergisi, 514: 21-26.
Ergüneş, N. (2008). Neoliberalizm, Enformelleşme ve Kadın Emeği, İktisat Dergisi, 498: 24-30.
Fidan F. & Yeşil Y. (2015). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimciliğini Geliştirmede Eğitim Faaliyetleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(14): 318-329.
Fiske S.T. & Taylor S.E. (1991). Social Cognition, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gupta V. K. & Turban D.B. (2012). Evaluation of New Business Ideas: Do Gender Stereotypes Play a Role? Journal of Managerial Issues, 24(2):140-156.
Gupta V.K.; Turban D.B. & Pareek A. (2013). Differeces Between Men and Women in Oppotunity Evaluation as a Gender Stereotypes and Stereotype Activation. Entrereneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4): 771-788.
Gupta V.K. Turban D.B. & Bhawe N.M. (2008). The Effect of Gender Stereotype Activation on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):1053-1061.
Gülçubuk B.; Savcı, İ.; Özer D. & Demiryürek K., (2011). Türkiye’de Kırsal Alanda Kadının Girişimciliğini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi ve Kadınların Bu Konuda Güçlendirilmesine Yönelik Politika Önerilerinin Geliştirilmesi. TÜBİTAK, Proje No: 108K523. Nisan.
Güney S. (2006). Kadın Girişimciliğine Genel Bir Bakış. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 1(1): 25-43.
Hazlett S. & J. Henderson, F. Hill, C. Leitch (2007). Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship Among Female and Male Undergraduates-A Preliminary Study, Female Entrepreneurship Implications for Education, Training and Policy, Edt. Nancy M. Carter, Colette Henry, Barra Ó Cinnéide & Kate Johnston, USA and Canada: Routledge,69-87.
Heilman M.E. (1997). Sex Discrimination and the Affirmative Action Remedy: The Role of Sex Stereotypes. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(9): 877–889.
Jennings J. E. & C Brush.G. (2013). Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literatüre. Academy of Management Annals,7:661-713.
Kandiyoti D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriachy. Gender and Society, 2(3):274-90.
Keskin S. (2014). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimcilerin Durumu. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Development/Girisimcilik ve Kalkinma Dergisi, 9(1).
Köse, E., & Maltaş, A. (2013). Kamusal Alan Tanımında Neo-Liberal Dönüşümler ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Karaman Örneği. 8 Kasım Dünya Şehircilik Günü 37. Kolokyum, İzmir.
Köse E. & Maltaş A. (2014). Türk Kadın Girişimciliğinin Sosyo-Politiği: Yönelimler ve Eleştiriler. 6. Uluslararası Girişimcilik Kongresi, Kırgızistan.
Langowitz N. Minniti & M. (2007). The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3):341-364.
Lefkowitz J. (1994). Sex Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2):323–349.
Lesley Hoggart (2005). Neoliberalism, the New Right and Sexual Politics. İçinde, Saad-Filho A. & Johnston D. (Eds), Neoliberalism- A Critical Reader. London: Pluto Press:149-155.
Marlow S. (2002). Self-employed Women: A Part of or Apart from Feminist Theory? Entrepreneurship & Innovation, 2(2):83-91.
Marlow S. & Strange A. (1994). Female Entrepreneurs – Success by Whose Standards? İçinde, Tanton M. (Ed.), Women in Management: A Developing Presence. London: Routledge:172–84.
Mattis M.C. (2004). Women Entrepreneurs: Out from Under the Glass Ceiling. Women in Management Review, 19 (3):154–63.
McGowan P.; Redeker C.L.; Cooper S.Y. & K. Greenan (2012). Feamale Entrepreneurship and the Management of Business and Domestic Roles: Motivations, Expectations, and Realities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2):53-72.
Mies M.; Bennholdt-Thomsen V. & Von Werlhof C. (2014). Son Sömürge Kadınlar. (Çev: Y. Temurtürkan). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Minniti M. & Nardone C. (2007.) Being in Someone Else’s Shoes: the Role of Gender in Nascent Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 28, 223-238.
Moult S. & Anderson A.R. (2005). Enterprising Women: Gender and Maturity in New Venture and Development. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(3):255-271.
Ören K.; Negiz N. & Akman E. (2012). Kadınların Yoksullukla Mücadele Aracı Mikro Kredi: Deneyimler Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2): 313-338.
Özuğurlu A. (2012). Neoliberalizm ve Feminist Politikada “Sınıfsal Tutum” Arayışları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 67(4):125 – 146.
Powell G.N. (1993). Women and Men in Management, 2nd Edition, Newbury Park: Sage.
Redien-Collot (2009). Female Entrepreneurs’ Authority: Is the Creative Aspect of Authority A Masculine Fiction in Managerial and Entrepreneurial Paradigms? Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(4):419-441.
Sayın E. (2011). Kadın Girişimcilerin Sorunlarının Betimleyici Analizi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1): 23-32.
Slaughter S. & Leslie L.L. (1997). Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Soo Ha K. & S. Bunn Kim (2013). Are Women’s Attitudes Toward Business and Desire to Start A Business Different From Men’s? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 19(3):43-62.
Soysal A. (2010). Türkiye'de Kadın Girişimciler: Engeller ve Fırsatlar Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(01):83-114.
Toksöz G. (2012a). Kalkınmada Kadın Emeği. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
Toksöz G. (2012b). Geçmisten Günümüze Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Yaman Öztürk M. (2010a). Kapitalist Gelişme ve Kriz Sürecinde Kadın Emeği: Asya Deneyiminden Çıkarılacak Dersler. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24): 105-132.
Yaman Öztürk M. (2010b). Ücretli İş ve Ücretsiz Bakım Hizmeti Ekseninde Kadın Emeği: 1980’lerden 2000’lere. İçinde, Dedeoğlu S.& Yaman Öztürk M. (Der), Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kadın Emeği: Türkiye Örneği. İstanbul: SAV Yayınları.
Welch C.L.; Welch D.E. & Hewerdine L. (2008). Gender and Export Behaviour: Evidence from Women-Owned Enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 83: 113-126.
Zaltman G. (1997). Rethinking Market Research: Putting People Back In. Journal of Marketing Research, 34:424-437.
Zaltman G. (2003). How Customers Think. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Zaltman G. & Zaltman L. (2008). Pazarlama Metaforları: Pazarlamanın Yeni Çağında Tüketicinin Zihnini Anlamak. Boston: Harward Business School Press.
Zaltman G. & Coulter R.H. (1995). Seeing the Voice of the Customer: Metaphor-based Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35: 35-51.
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2017-10-10
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Çitçi, U. S., & Memiş Sağır, P. (2017). From the Perspective of Potential Man Entrepreneurs on Woman Entrepreneurship. Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies, 18(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v18i1.262
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